HESI ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY RESPIRATION SYSTEM

Question 1

Nasal cavity

Answer 1

filtering and humidifying air for presentation to the lower airway.

Question 2

Pharynx

Answer 2

throaT

receives air from the nose or the mouth and then moves the air past the epiglottis into the larynx

receives food from the mouth and moves it into the esophagus.

Question 3

Trachea

Answer 3

large tube reinforced by cartilage rings that keep it from collapsing

Connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs.

Question 4

Bronchi

Answer 4

Receive inspired air from the trachea and move it into the bronchioles.

Question 5

Bronchioles

Answer 5

Connect the bronchi to the alveoli of the lungs

Bronchioles have a layer of smooth muscle which allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation,

regulating the amount of air reaching the alveoli.

Question 6

Alveoli

Answer 6

Site of gas exchange

Question 7

Epiglottis

Answer 7

flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue

depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

Question 8

Glottis

Answer 8

part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them

affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.

Question 9

Larynx

Answer 9

hollow structure connected to the top of the trachea and is the passage through which inspired air moves into the bronchi of the lungs.

Question 10

Diaphragm

Answer 10

skeletal muscle associated with quiet (normal) breathing that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Question 11

Pleura

Answer 11

serous double membrane that protects the lungs.

Question 12

Ventilation

Answer 12

the movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs → consist of two cyclic phases

inspiration & expiration.

Question 13

respiratory system

Answer 13

supplying the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

that allow for the passage of air into the body and the exchanges of gases with the blood

Question 14

Cellular respiration

Answer 14

is the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by the cells.

Question 15

upper respiratory system consists

Answer 15

nose and nasal cavity, the sinus, pharynx, and the portion of the larynx above the vocal cords

Question 16

lower respiratory system consists

Answer 16

larynx including the vocal cords and below, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and alveoli.

Question 17

Nasal Cavity

Answer 17

Air moves into the upper respiratory system through the nose

epithelium lining the nasal cavity contains columnar and mucous secreting goblet cells.

Question 18

Conchae

Answer 18

superior, middle and inferior conchae.

purpose of the conchae is to create turbulent flow of air.

Question 19

Pharynx

Answer 19

**Air passes through the nasal cavity and enters the upper portion of the pharynx called the nasopharynx.

nasopharynx also contains connections from the Eustachian tubes.

oropharynx is a shared passageway for air and substances on their way to the digestive tract.

** laryngopharynx is also a shared pathway with the digestive tract.

Question 20

Larynx

Answer 20

begins at the base of the tongue and extends to the trachea

ontains cartilages, largest of which is the thyroid cartilage, commonly called the Adam’s Apple.

vocal cords reside in the larynx and consist of two pairs of ligaments that extend from the arytenoid to the thyroid cartilages.

Question 21

Lungs

Answer 21

two cone shaped structures residing in the thoracic cavity

inferior portion of each lung reaches to the diaphragm

superior portion extends about one inch above each clavicle

right lung contains three lobes (superior, middle and inferior)

larger than the left lung which contains two lobes (superior and inferior)

Question 22

Pleural fluid

Answer 22

secreted by each membrane that reduces friction and helps to hold the membranes together

Question 23

Diffusion

Answer 23

Process of gas exchange in the lungs

passive transport mechanism, oxygen moves into the blood from lungs while carbon dioxide in the blood moves into lungs.

Question 24

Partial Pressure

Answer 24

pressure of a single gas in a mixture of gasses.

Question 25

Boyle’s Law

Answer 25

volume is inversely related to pressure.

Question 26

Ventilation

Question 27

Inhalation and exhalation

Answer 27

Respiratory cycle

Question 28

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 28

movement of air in and out of the lungs is

Question 29

Boyle’s Law

Answer 29

P = 1/V

P = pressure

V = volume

Question 30

Blood Vessels

Answer 30

Deoxygenated blood is transported from the right side of the heart (right ventricle) to the pulmonary trunk that divides into right and left pulmonary arteries.

Question 31

Phrenic Nerve

Answer 31

nerve that controls the diaphragm

Question 32

Pons

Answer 32

middle portion of the brainstem.

Question 33

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 33

-lower portion of the brainstem.

Question 34

Type I Alveolar Cells

Answer 34

mucous secreting cells lining the inside of the alveolus.

Question 35

Type II Alveolar Cells-

Answer 35

surfactant secreting cells lining the insise of the alveolus.

Question 36

Surfactant

Answer 36

-substance secreted by Type II Alveolar Cells that reduces surface tension.

Question 37

Surface Tension

Answer 37

-force created by weak bonds between water molecules.

Question 38

Carbonic Acid

Answer 38

weak acid that forms from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 39

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 39

acidic condition in the blood caused by increased carbon dioxide.

Question 40

Respiratry Alkalosis

Answer 40

-alkaline condition in the blood caused by a decrease in carbon dioxide

Question 41

respiratory centers monitor

Answer 41

blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH

Question 42

Chemoreceptors located

Answer 42

other parts of the circulatory system such as in the carotid arteries and aorta.

Question 43

Alveoli contain 2 types of cells

Answer 43

Type I cells secrete mucous on the inside of the alveolus

Type II cells secrete surfactant which works to break the weak bonds and reduce surface tension.

Question 44

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

Answer 44

Most of the oxygen transported in blood is bound to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

Question 45

Hemoglobin

Answer 45

also release oxygen to form deoxyhemoglobin. There are almost 300 million hemoglobin molecules in one red blood cell

Question 46

Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis

Answer 46

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid in the blood

respiratory acidosis and can result from obstructive diseases such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis