HESI ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY RESPIRATION SYSTEM Flashcards
Nasal cavity
filtering and humidifying air for presentation to the lower airway.
Pharynx
throaT
receives air from the nose or the mouth and then moves the air past the epiglottis into the larynx
receives food from the mouth and moves it into the esophagus.
Trachea
large tube reinforced by cartilage rings that keep it from collapsing
Connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs.
Bronchi
Receive inspired air from the trachea and move it into the bronchioles.
Bronchioles
Connect the bronchi to the alveoli of the lungs
Bronchioles have a layer of smooth muscle which allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation,
regulating the amount of air reaching the alveoli.
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Epiglottis
flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue
depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.
Glottis
part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them
affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.
Larynx
hollow structure connected to the top of the trachea and is the passage through which inspired air moves into the bronchi of the lungs.
Diaphragm
skeletal muscle associated with quiet (normal) breathing that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Pleura
serous double membrane that protects the lungs.
Ventilation
the movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs → consist of two cyclic phases
inspiration & expiration.
respiratory system
supplying the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
that allow for the passage of air into the body and the exchanges of gases with the blood
Cellular respiration
is the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by the cells.
upper respiratory system consists
nose and nasal cavity, the sinus, pharynx, and the portion of the larynx above the vocal cords
lower respiratory system consists
larynx including the vocal cords and below, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and alveoli.
Nasal Cavity
Air moves into the upper respiratory system through the nose
epithelium lining the nasal cavity contains columnar and mucous secreting goblet cells.
Conchae
superior, middle and inferior conchae.
purpose of the conchae is to create turbulent flow of air.
Pharynx
**Air passes through the nasal cavity and enters the upper portion of the pharynx called the nasopharynx.
nasopharynx also contains connections from the Eustachian tubes.
oropharynx is a shared passageway for air and substances on their way to the digestive tract.
** laryngopharynx is also a shared pathway with the digestive tract.
Larynx
begins at the base of the tongue and extends to the trachea
ontains cartilages, largest of which is the thyroid cartilage, commonly called the Adam’s Apple.
vocal cords reside in the larynx and consist of two pairs of ligaments that extend from the arytenoid to the thyroid cartilages.
Lungs
two cone shaped structures residing in the thoracic cavity
inferior portion of each lung reaches to the diaphragm
superior portion extends about one inch above each clavicle
right lung contains three lobes (superior, middle and inferior)
larger than the left lung which contains two lobes (superior and inferior)
Pleural fluid
secreted by each membrane that reduces friction and helps to hold the membranes together
Diffusion
Process of gas exchange in the lungs
passive transport mechanism, oxygen moves into the blood from lungs while carbon dioxide in the blood moves into lungs.
Partial Pressure
pressure of a single gas in a mixture of gasses.
Boyle’s Law
volume is inversely related to pressure.
Ventilation
Inhalation and exhalation
Respiratory cycle
pulmonary ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs is
Boyle’s Law
P = 1/V
P = pressure
V = volume
Blood Vessels
Deoxygenated blood is transported from the right side of the heart (right ventricle) to the pulmonary trunk that divides into right and left pulmonary arteries.
Phrenic Nerve
nerve that controls the diaphragm
Pons
middle portion of the brainstem.
Medulla Oblongata
-lower portion of the brainstem.
Type I Alveolar Cells
mucous secreting cells lining the inside of the alveolus.
Type II Alveolar Cells-
surfactant secreting cells lining the insise of the alveolus.
Surfactant
-substance secreted by Type II Alveolar Cells that reduces surface tension.
Surface Tension
-force created by weak bonds between water molecules.
Carbonic Acid
weak acid that forms from carbon dioxide and water.
Respiratory Acidosis
acidic condition in the blood caused by increased carbon dioxide.
Respiratry Alkalosis
-alkaline condition in the blood caused by a decrease in carbon dioxide
respiratory centers monitor
blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH
Chemoreceptors located
other parts of the circulatory system such as in the carotid arteries and aorta.
Alveoli contain 2 types of cells
Type I cells secrete mucous on the inside of the alveolus
Type II cells secrete surfactant which works to break the weak bonds and reduce surface tension.
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
Most of the oxygen transported in blood is bound to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin
also release oxygen to form deoxyhemoglobin. There are almost 300 million hemoglobin molecules in one red blood cell
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid in the blood
respiratory acidosis and can result from obstructive diseases such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis
