Hepatic and Endocrine Systems Flashcards
HUE01-03
start of HUE01
this is yellow colouration of the sclera and mucous membranes resulting from increased tissue and serum bilirubin
icterus
name 3 things icterus can be indicative of
- decr excretion of bilirubin
- incr production of bilirubin
- impaired hepatic uptake for conjugation of bilirubin
which type of bilirubin results in more pronounced jaundice?
conjugated or unconjugated?
conjugated
this is accessive iron accumulation in the liver (hepatocyte damage)
haemachromatosis
what unlicensed treatment is used for liver fluke in horses
triclabendazole
name 2 ways to diagnose hyperlipaemia
- elevated blood triglycerides
- fatty appearance to plasma
start of HUE02
name 4 parts of history you would obtain to investigate weight loss
- medications
- worm management or anthelmintic use
- dental therapy
- feeding management
what is the most common cause of oedema in the horse
protein loss through GIT
which proteins should be assessed in biochemistry when investigating weight loss
- TP
- albumins
- globulins
what is the oral glucose absorption test for
tests small intestinal function
name the 3 treatments for EPE (Lawsonia intracellularis)
- erythromycin
- rifampin
- tetracyclines
what is the treatment for cyathostomes
anthelmintic therpay +/- anti-inflammatory
what is the treatment for right dorsal colitis
dietary manipulation and misoprostol
what is the treatment for infiltrative bowel disease
high dose corticosteroids
this is the breakdown of the hoof lamellar bond
laminitis
name the 3 types of laminitis
- Endocrinopathic laminitis
- inflammatory laminitis
- concussive laminitis
name 3 factors that messes up insulin
- genetics
- obesity
- PPID/Equine Cushing’s Disease (ECD)
how does PPID/Equine Cushing’s Disease (ECD) affect insulin?
excess cortisol antagonises insulin
what is the common factor for causes of endocrinopathic laminitis
insulin dysregulation
name 5 clinical signs caused by disordered cortisol secretion from pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
- hirsutism and placcid demeanour
- prone to laminitis
- prone to infections
- fat redistribution
- frequent urination and drinking
name the clinical sign of Equine Cushing’s Disease (ECD)
most commonly recognised clinical sign;
may start as retention of winter coat (esp jugular groove and legs)
hirsutism / hairiness
name 3 areas where fat is redistributed in horses with ECD (Equine Cushing’s Disease)
- above eyes
- crest
- sheath/mammary region
name 4 recurrent infections common in horses with ECD (Equine Cushing’s Disease)
- rain scald
- sinusitis
- foot abscesses
- Cyathostominosis
name 2 diagnostic tests for ECD (Equine Cushing’s Disease)
- resting ACTH
- TRH response test
name 6 conservative treatments for ECD (Equine Cushing’s Disease);
some may not require treatment
- clip hair coat
- treat secondary infections promptly and aggressively
- monitor weight
- regular dental checks
- effective parasite control
- laminitis prevention
name 3 medications that can be used to treat ECD (Equine Cushing’s Disease)
- Dopamine agonists (pergolide)
- serotonin antagonists (cyprohept)
- trilostane
name 4 poor indicators for prognosis of ECD (Equine Cushing’s Disease)
- intractable laminitis
- weight loss
- secondary diabetes mellitus
- failure to respond to treatment
name the 3 stages that make up the suggested protocol for chronic/recurrent laminitis
- signalment and clinical exam
- resting metabolic blood profile
- ‘dynamic’ tests
how long should concentrates be restricted for to test resting metabolic profile for predisposition to laminitis
12h
name 4 general feed managments for endocrinopathic laminitis
- do NOT starve
- grass hay
- soak hay
- balancers: vitamins and minerals
start of HUE03
what is the normal volume of urination for a horse in a day?
5-15 L/horse/day
what is the fluid requirement of horses per day?
50 mL/kg/day
how much urine per day is considered polyuria
greater than 25 L/day
how much fluid consumption per day is considered polydipsia
greater than 50 L/day
name 3 common causes of PU/PD
- primary psychogenic polydipsia
- ECDz/PPID
- renal disease
name 3 signs of uraemia
- depression
- poor hair coat
- tartar
what is the main role of the water deprivation test
distinguish psychogenic PD from Diabetes Insipidus
name 2 neurogenic causes of urinary incontinence
- upper motor neurone (reflex) bladder
- lower motor neurone (paralytic) bladder
name 4 non-neurogenic causes of urinary incontinence
- cystitis +/- uroliths
- myogenic
- neoplasia
- mechanical
name the urinary condition
clinical signs associated with increased nitrogenous compounds in blood
uraemia
name the urinary condition
increase in biochemical parameters with renal disease
azotaemia
