Cardiovascular Flashcards
start of CV01
how does the heart beating too fast lead to poor performance?
impaired filling > impaired output
what is the most likely cardiac cause of poor performance
arrhythmias
name 3 ECGs that should be done to investigate arrhythmias
- resting
- exercising
- prolonged/Holter
name 2 common sites of pathological block (very rare) leading to poor performance and collapse
- sinus node
- AV node
what HR is considered bradycardia?
less than 24 bpm
name 4 treatments for pathological bradycardia
- glucocorticoids
- parasympatholytics
- Sympathomimetics
- Transvenous pacemaker
name 2 parasympatholytics that can be used to treat pathological bradycardia
- atropine
- hysocine
name 2 sympathomimetics that can be used to treat pathological bradycardia
- isoproterenol
- clenbuterol
these are premature beats;
atrial, ventricular or junctional (AV node) origin;
cause poor performance if frequent or deteriorate into sinister rhythm
ectopy
what origin of ectopy is more concerning than others?
more likely to cause sudden death
ventricular
this is when an early beat is preceded by P wave;
may see unconducted early P waves;
common over 24h, most cases benign;
risk of triggering atrial fibrilation (AF)
premature atrial complexes (PAC)
these re premature beats NOT preceded by P wave;
wide and bizarre morphology
premature ventricular complexes (PVC)
this is one of the most common clinically significant arrhythmias;
~20% reduced potential of cardiac output;
irregular rhythm, variable pulse quality
atrial fibrillation
name 3 ECG characteristics of atrial fibrillation
- irregular RR intervals (‘normal’ QRS)
- absent P waves
- ‘f’ waves
name 2 treatment options for atrial fibrillation
- quinidine sulphate
- transvenous electrocardioversion (TVEC)
what is the dosing for quinidine sulphate for treatment of atrial fibrillation
20-22 mg/kg intra-stomach q2h
(max 6 doses)
name the 5 most common complications caused by quinidine sulphate
- dull demeanour
- flatulence
- colic
- diarrhoea
- tachycardia
start of CV02
name 2 types of physiological cardiac murmurs
(associated with normal blood flow)
- ejection
- filling
name 3 types of pathological cardiac murmurs
(associated with abnormal blood flow +/- cardiac abnormalities)
- regurgitation
- stenosis
- abnormal communications
name 2 common types of Left side SYSTOLE murmurs
- aortic ejection
- mitral regurgitation
name 2 common types of Right side SYSTOLE murmurs
- tricuspid regurgitation
- VSD
name 2 common types of DIASTOLE murmurs
- aortic regurgitation
- ventricle filling
name the type of heart murmur
short;
never reachthe second heart sound;
crescendo decrescendo shape
mitral regurgitation
name 6 causes of mitral regurgitation
- athletic horse
- thickening/fibrosis
- endocarditis
- ruptured cordae tendinae
- dilation of valve annulus
- dysplasia (congenital)
name the type of heart murmur
long murmur;
typically holodiastolic;
commonest site for valve pathology;
degenerative lesions;
bacterial endocarditis
aortic regurgitation/insufficiency
name the type of heart murmur
commonest congenital cardiac defect;
usually membranous portion of the septum (subaortic);
prognosis depends on size and location of defect and maximal velocity of the shunt;
CANNOT tell severity by noise intensity
VSD
(ventricular septal defect)
