Henry VIII- Reformation Flashcards
what was anti-clericalism
opposed to the influence and activities of the clergy or the church in secular or public affairs
what were the Louards?
group of anti-clerical English Christians
Wolsey’s reform of the church
major concern was to improve educational standards among clergy
1519 Wolsey visited over 60 religious houses and issued new consitutions
20 ministeries dissolved and revenues used to build Cardinal College in Oxford
ordered inspections of religious lives in monastic buildings and other religious institutes over 2 dozen houses dissolved
1528 drew plans to close more monasteries which had fewer than 6 inmates
what was the Hunne Case?
Richard Hune was a wealthy merchant whose son died in 1511 and at funeral refused give son’s christening robe and refused pay
excommunicated from church and no one allowed engage business with him and be damned to hell
autumn 1514 church authorities invaded his house and ‘found’ heretic books written in English
taken to Louards’ Tower and found hanged
February 1515 jury determined 3 clerics were guilty- inquiry was called and Bishop of London condemned members of jury and Henry intervened by pardoning those involved.
significance: questioned church’s right to civil law- use of Benefit of the Clergy 1512- often meant church went unpunished
when did Henry consider divorce?
1524
what were the three main reasons why Henry wanted a divorce?
believed his marriage was against God’s will
needed a legitimate male heir to secure succession and Tudor dynasty
had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn
why was Henry concerned about Mary becoming Queen?
if marriage was illegitimate than Mary was too and her gender unrest
who was Henry Fitzroy?
Henry’s illegitimate son with mistress Elizabeth Blount and was made Duke of Richmond 1525 and sent to run Council of North to gain experience in government if made possible successor
what happened from 1518- 1525 between Henry and Catherine?
Catherine was over 40
last pregnancy was 1518 and stopped sleeping with hENRY 1524
1525 Infatuated with Anne Boleyn
how did Anne Boleyn influence Henry’s decision to get an annulment?
refused his advances and be his mistress until she wants to become queen- increased his infatuation
what did Henry claim in 1527?
he ‘pursued his marriage was cursed’ and not given proper papal dispensation to marry his brother’s wife.
why had Henry expected annulment be straight froward?
Wolsey had assured his own influence in Rome would make it easy for him to declare that the original dispensation was illegitimate and thus so was his marriage
why had foreign issues caused problem for divorce?
1526- League of Cognac fears pf growth of imperial power in Italy after Battle of Pavia in 1525
1527 League received fatal setback- unpaid debts and mutinies and imperial army stormed Rome and captures Pope- Charles V shocked but not had control of Pope and as was Catherine’s nephew refused annulment
what was the first approach and why did it fail?
required the Pope to admit that the previous pope had made an error but Pope seen as infallible so can’t make mistake
why did the second attempt fail?
based on technical grounds error written into the dispensation- more promising as required evidence of clerical error but Catherine’s advisors found slightly different worded dispensation
what was the third approach and its consequences?
involved Pope Clement to allow case to be heard in England power given to Wolsey since he was Papal Legate but Clement made compromise of 2 legates of Campeggio and Wolsey
who was Campeggio?
Lorenzo Campeggio was cardinal and Protector of England
1528 delayed his journey as Wolsey had neglected to keep up good contacts with Rome and ignored him as Papal Legate
arrived September 1528 in England but given private instructions by Pope Clement never come to judgment
what was Blackfriars
15th June 1529 where annulment court was to occur- Catherine refused to recognise court
court was suspended when Pope Clement recalled case to Rome
was denied
5th August France and empire made peace at Cambri- Wolsey not influence Pope
why did Wolsey fail to achieve annulment?
Charles V had pope imprisoned
Clement and Wolsey not get along
Catherine of Aragon refused divorce
Pope only used Blackfriars as entertainment
Catherine’s power
on what charges was Wolsey accused?
October 1529 praemunire (loyal to pope over Henry), treason bu neglecting to hurry divorce (accused by factions)
what happened after Wolsey’s arrest?
was released and allowed live in comfort away from court- granted funds from archdiocese of York and where was exiled
why didn’t Henry execute Wolsey straight away?
because he had been loyal and close to him and believed he could regain his position but still failed to
when and how did Wolsey meet his fate?
Died on 29th November 1530 before execution
what Protestant changes were made?
services not spoke in English instead of latin
removal of Pope as head of church
plain churches no decoration
minister wear black and can marry
consubstantiation (symbolism of body and blood)
don’t pray to dead/ believe in purgatory
no pilgrimages
don’t Practice to Mary/saints
go to heaven by grace and salvation alone
who was Thomas More?
was Lord Chancellor- sympathetic to Catherine of Aragon and had more religious principles
1529 appointed Lord Chancellor
1532 reigned after King won approval of Submission of the clergy
1534 refused to take Oath of Succession recognising legality of Henry’s divorce
1535 convicted of treason and executed
who was Anne Boleyn
daughter of Sir George Boleyn
downfall- 1536 when failed for male heir but Cromwell forced her musician into confession of adulteries and incest want convicted of treason and executed
