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Henry VIII- Reformation Flashcards

1
Q

what was anti-clericalism

A

opposed to the influence and activities of the clergy or the church in secular or public affairs

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2
Q

what were the Louards?

A

group of anti-clerical English Christians

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3
Q

Wolsey’s reform of the church

A

major concern was to improve educational standards among clergy
1519 Wolsey visited over 60 religious houses and issued new consitutions
20 ministeries dissolved and revenues used to build Cardinal College in Oxford
ordered inspections of religious lives in monastic buildings and other religious institutes over 2 dozen houses dissolved
1528 drew plans to close more monasteries which had fewer than 6 inmates

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4
Q

what was the Hunne Case?

A

Richard Hune was a wealthy merchant whose son died in 1511 and at funeral refused give son’s christening robe and refused pay
excommunicated from church and no one allowed engage business with him and be damned to hell
autumn 1514 church authorities invaded his house and ‘found’ heretic books written in English
taken to Louards’ Tower and found hanged
February 1515 jury determined 3 clerics were guilty- inquiry was called and Bishop of London condemned members of jury and Henry intervened by pardoning those involved.
significance: questioned church’s right to civil law- use of Benefit of the Clergy 1512- often meant church went unpunished

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5
Q

when did Henry consider divorce?

A

1524

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6
Q

what were the three main reasons why Henry wanted a divorce?

A

believed his marriage was against God’s will
needed a legitimate male heir to secure succession and Tudor dynasty
had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn

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7
Q

why was Henry concerned about Mary becoming Queen?

A

if marriage was illegitimate than Mary was too and her gender unrest

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8
Q

who was Henry Fitzroy?

A

Henry’s illegitimate son with mistress Elizabeth Blount and was made Duke of Richmond 1525 and sent to run Council of North to gain experience in government if made possible successor

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9
Q

what happened from 1518- 1525 between Henry and Catherine?

A

Catherine was over 40
last pregnancy was 1518 and stopped sleeping with hENRY 1524
1525 Infatuated with Anne Boleyn

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10
Q

how did Anne Boleyn influence Henry’s decision to get an annulment?

A

refused his advances and be his mistress until she wants to become queen- increased his infatuation

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11
Q

what did Henry claim in 1527?

A

he ‘pursued his marriage was cursed’ and not given proper papal dispensation to marry his brother’s wife.

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12
Q

why had Henry expected annulment be straight froward?

A

Wolsey had assured his own influence in Rome would make it easy for him to declare that the original dispensation was illegitimate and thus so was his marriage

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13
Q

why had foreign issues caused problem for divorce?

A

1526- League of Cognac fears pf growth of imperial power in Italy after Battle of Pavia in 1525
1527 League received fatal setback- unpaid debts and mutinies and imperial army stormed Rome and captures Pope- Charles V shocked but not had control of Pope and as was Catherine’s nephew refused annulment

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14
Q

what was the first approach and why did it fail?

A

required the Pope to admit that the previous pope had made an error but Pope seen as infallible so can’t make mistake

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15
Q

why did the second attempt fail?

A

based on technical grounds error written into the dispensation- more promising as required evidence of clerical error but Catherine’s advisors found slightly different worded dispensation

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16
Q

what was the third approach and its consequences?

A

involved Pope Clement to allow case to be heard in England power given to Wolsey since he was Papal Legate but Clement made compromise of 2 legates of Campeggio and Wolsey

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17
Q

who was Campeggio?

A

Lorenzo Campeggio was cardinal and Protector of England
1528 delayed his journey as Wolsey had neglected to keep up good contacts with Rome and ignored him as Papal Legate
arrived September 1528 in England but given private instructions by Pope Clement never come to judgment

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18
Q

what was Blackfriars

A

15th June 1529 where annulment court was to occur- Catherine refused to recognise court
court was suspended when Pope Clement recalled case to Rome
was denied
5th August France and empire made peace at Cambri- Wolsey not influence Pope

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19
Q

why did Wolsey fail to achieve annulment?

A

Charles V had pope imprisoned
Clement and Wolsey not get along
Catherine of Aragon refused divorce
Pope only used Blackfriars as entertainment
Catherine’s power

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20
Q

on what charges was Wolsey accused?

A

October 1529 praemunire (loyal to pope over Henry), treason bu neglecting to hurry divorce (accused by factions)

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21
Q

what happened after Wolsey’s arrest?

A

was released and allowed live in comfort away from court- granted funds from archdiocese of York and where was exiled

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22
Q

why didn’t Henry execute Wolsey straight away?

A

because he had been loyal and close to him and believed he could regain his position but still failed to

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23
Q

when and how did Wolsey meet his fate?

A

Died on 29th November 1530 before execution

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24
Q

what Protestant changes were made?

A

services not spoke in English instead of latin
removal of Pope as head of church
plain churches no decoration
minister wear black and can marry
consubstantiation (symbolism of body and blood)
don’t pray to dead/ believe in purgatory
no pilgrimages
don’t Practice to Mary/saints
go to heaven by grace and salvation alone

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25
who was Thomas More?
was Lord Chancellor- sympathetic to Catherine of Aragon and had more religious principles 1529 appointed Lord Chancellor 1532 reigned after King won approval of Submission of the clergy 1534 refused to take Oath of Succession recognising legality of Henry's divorce 1535 convicted of treason and executed
26
who was Anne Boleyn
daughter of Sir George Boleyn downfall- 1536 when failed for male heir but Cromwell forced her musician into confession of adulteries and incest want convicted of treason and executed
27
how did Henry pressure clergy for divorce?
1529- pressure on clergy but Parliament encouraged to voice Anti-clerical feelings and Thomas Cromwell gathered evidence of abuses 1530- Revivial of Praemunire- 15 charged supporting Wolsey's power abuse against king and pressure on Pope by scholars sent abroad find evidence support Henry's divorce 1531 Henry 'pardoned' clergy but demanded recognise as sole protector and supreme head of church 1532 March- Cromwell introduced 'Supplication against the Ordinaries'- king deal with a bisesand corruption of clergy 1532- January Act of Parliament passed preventing payment of agnates to Rome May- Henry demanded Church agree to Submission of Clergy Sir Thomas More resigned August- death of Archbishop of Canturbury- Thomas Cranmer 1533- January Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn Act in Restraint of Appeals passed- able divorce and not appeal to Pope
28
Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)
1529 elected member of Parliament- helped play active role in attacking abuses within the church 1532 took control of getting the King his divorce- suggested using parliament to achieve divorce 1532-1536 he devised a strategy for the divorce and series of Acts that removed Church's power and created the Church of England which gave Henry power- architect of the reformation?
29
Archbishop Thomas Cranmer 1489-1556
when Archbishop Warham died in 1532 Henry requested Cranmer fill vacancy even though never held senior post in church- place pressure on Pope to give divorce but held support authorised the divorce after 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals prohibited Catherine from challenging the matter before Pope and accepted all measures during reform years
30
Act in Restraint of Appeals
February 1533 meant subjects could not appeal to the Pope and stop divorce from occuring
31
how was divorce finalised?
May 1533 under Crammer Argument used was Catherine’s marriage to Arthur been consummated, and prohibited in Book of Leviticus so marriage invalid hence he married Anne June 1533 6 months pregnant Anne was crowned queen and gave birth to Elizabeth in September
32
Act of Supremacy
1534 allowed head of church to decide organisation, personnel and doctrine claimed Henry had right to be head of church- recognised by parliament
33
Treason Act
1535 used to enforce the Act of Supremacy denial of royal supremacy was treason- punishable by death
34
what happened to the Bible?
1537 first official translation of Bible into English was published 1538 royal proclamation ordered a copy be placed every parish church- read and examined by congregation- emphasis distinctly protestant and against 'catholic' 'errors' doctrinal changes swift and significant- accessibility of Bible wide range of people, able interpret and debate word of God for themselves, laid foundations for variety of religious beliefs
35
swing back towards Catholicism
1538-40 swing back towards Catholic doctrines reflected waning of Cromwell's influence, after Anne of Cleaves opposition from him Howard family gaining influence- Duke of Norfolk largely responsible getting Parliament agree Six Articles 1539
36
Why did Henry close the monasteries and seize their assets?
over 825 religious houses and 500 were monasteries- many owed lands and provided livelihoods for those in village by 1540 all closed- high implication monarchy use powers in legislation
37
causes of dissolution
had powerful reputation in church and those in religious houses set themselves apart from the communities but monasteries place shelter, medicine and food, education 16th Century loss high regard and clergy defined to 10,000 and houses less than dozen monks Valor Ecclesiasticus 1535 by Cromwell for inspections of any religious establishments. Stated corruption and abuses were common through smaller monasteries, and excuse he needed to close them but level of corruption was over exaggerated by Cromwell
38
dissolution of the Monasteries
* De-shelling of physical but also reputation of religion= money + power * Actually effected people’s lives more than reform: Welfare System ruined
39
what was Cromwell in 1535?
Vice-Gerent
40
when was the smaller monasteries made dissolute?
1536- those had income of £200
41
when were the larger monasteries made dissolute?
1539 Second Act of Dissolution of Monasteries 1540 Larger monasteries
42
Execution of Charterhouse Monks
May 1535 strictest order of the monks refused accept Act of Supremacy should've been burnt on the stake instead were accused of treason and killed in their Holy Habits by hanging warning to Catholics that no one was exempt from punishment first time clergy suffered in ecclestical dress
43
Why were the monasteries dissolved?
Valor Ecclestical revealed wealth visitations showed poor spiritual connection Cromwell promised make Henry riches in Christendom Monks leading opponents of religious changes Monasteries closed other Protestant countries e.g. Scandinavian upheld traditional beliefs gained lands- can be used as rewards Henry needed build up defences against possible Catholic crusade
44
When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?
1536-37
45
what happened in the PoG
only main rebellion in Henry VIII's reign 40,000 rebelled 3 elements to rising: Lincolnshire Rising 1-11 October 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace 8th October- 8th December 1536 Bigod Revolt and Cumberland Rising 16th January- 10th February 1537 Henry and commoners support until threat of royal forces Robert Aske was eager and met Henry at Greenwich to discuss demands rebels 40,000 which outnumbered that of the kings demands: wanted Cromwell and Cranmer gone and monasteries not be closed down because of threat of another uprising from Sir Charles Bigod meant Henry gave an excuse have men Robert Ask and Darcy (who have rebels Pontefract Castle) death toll- 178
46
why was the Pilgrimage of Grace serious?
rebels forces outnumbered the kings rebels control of major city in North- York Rebels controlled Pontefract Castle- seen as gate to the south rebels were well organised under Aske Attracted support from gentry and commoners
47
why was the Pilgrimage of Grace not a serious threat?
did not March to London- not target the King not aimed for him- Cromwell and Cranmer
48
Religious Causes of PoG
Timing suggested religion significant influence Aske claimed dissolution 'greatest cause' of rising rebels restored soem monks to monasteries Lancashire uprising first began in areas around monasteries and last to be suppressed rebels wanted Royal Supremacy to end Pilgrim Oath and Ballad from rising stressed the religious element and banner had 5 wounds of Christ
49
Economic causes of PoG
Poor Harvest 1535-36 enclosure was an issue in York and Lake District Complaints about scale of rents and entry fines Taxation in peace time brought by 1534 Subsidy Act Opposition to Statute of Uses from gentry- tax on inheriyance complaints of monasteries
50
who was Sir Thomas More?
devout catholic Catholic Martyr refused Act of Supremacy Lord Chancellor friend with Henry Executed 6th July 1555
51
Who was John Fisher?
Bishop of Rochester Catholic Martyr refused Act of Supremacy disagreed with divorce and told this to Henry's face Pope about make him Cardinal and so Henry act quickly Executed 22nd June 1535 Executed on grounds of High Treason
52
Who was Elizabeth Barton?
Nun of Kent Catholic Martyr had visions from illness 1525 apparently miraculous cure by vision Mary 1528 had visions centred on King's marriage and divorce and how Catherine would be dead in a month to his face believed her visions but was manipulated for political gain executed April 1534
53
Who was John Lambert?
Catholic martyr rejected Transubstantiation Executed 1538
54
First Act of Annates
1532 Pope loses authority- banned payment and annates Pope's authority as head of church challenged
55
Supplication of the Ordinaries
1532 laws occur through parliament
56
submission of the clergy
1532 Clergy accept King as head of the church
57
Acts of Restraint Appeals to Rome
1533 King now supreme head of church unable appeal to Rome
58
Second Act of Annates
1534 confirmed First act of Annates
59
Act for the Submission of the Clergy
1534 split with Rome appeals of church matter held in King's court of Chancery
60
First Act of Succession
1534 registered Henry and Catherine's marriage as invalid
61
Act of Supremacy
1534 Henry supreme head of the church
62
The Act of Ten Articles
1536 seven sacraments rejected- 3 left baptism, eucharist and penance
63
The Bishops Book
1537 4 lost sacraments rediscovered - less important explained theory of ten articles
64
When was England most protestant?
1537 (with introduction of bishops Book)
65
The Article of Six Articles
1539 undone previous protestant acts- swing back to Catholicism

Tudors 1485-1558 (17 decks)

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