Hemorrhage

Question 1

define hemorrhage

Answer 1

extravasation of blood from vessels

Question 2

etiologies of hemorrhage?

Answer 2

increased risk of hemorrhage in a variety of hemorrhagic diatheses (hemophilias), trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammatory or neoplastic erosion

Question 3

extensive bleeds into body cavities are named according to? Give examples!

Answer 3

location

• hemothorax
• hemopericardium
• hemoperitoneum
• hemarthrosis

Question 4

hemorrhages are external or?

Answer 4

within tissue

Question 5

categories of tissue hemorrhage

Answer 5

1) petechiae
2) purpura
3) ecchymosis

Question 6

size of petechiae?

*location?

Answer 6

minute (1-2 mm diameter)

* involve skin and mucous or serosal membranes

Question 7

etiologies of petechiae

Answer 7

thrombocytopenia, defective platelet function, and loss of vascular wall support (scurvy), age (wall of vessels are weaker)

Question 8

size of purpura?

Answer 8

slightly larger than patachiae (3-10mm)

Question 9

etiologies of purpura?

Answer 9

same as petechiae AS WELL AS trauma and vasculitis

Question 10

size of ecchymosis?

*location?

Answer 10

more than 1cm

*subcutaneous hematoma

Question 11

biggest different between ecchymosis and petechiae/purpura?

Answer 11

is bulges (hematoma is a mass of blood), other two are flat

Question 12

clinical significance of hemorrhages depends on?

Answer 12

volume, rate and site of bleeding

Question 13

large amounts of blood loss may lead to?

Answer 13

hypovolemic shock

Question 14

T or F… small hemorrhages are not fatal

Answer 14

FALSE, they are fatal

Question 15

chronic or recurrent external blood loss may lead to _______ anemia?

Answer 15

Fe+ deficient

Question 16

hemostasis

Answer 16

• series of reguated processes that maintain blood in a fluid, clot-free state in normal vessels
• rapid formation of a hemostatic plug at a site of vascular injury

Question 17

thrombosis

Answer 17

• pathologic counterpart of hemostasis

* formation of a blood clot within an intact vessel

Question 18

normal hemostasis vascular injury causes arteriolar _________ ? this is enhanced by?

Answer 18

vasoconstriction

*enhanced by secretion of endothelin

Question 19

primary hemostasis is the formation of?

Answer 19

initial platelet plug

Question 20

platelets bind to _____ factor on exposed ECM?

Answer 20

von Willebrand factor

Question 21

von Willebrand factor (vWF) is comparable to?

Answer 21

glue

Question 22

endothelial injury also exposes tissue factor ___ which is a >

Answer 22

tissue factor 3 or thromboplastin

*it is a procoagulant

Question 23

exposed tissue factor in association with factor ___ activate the coagnulation cascade leading to the activation of thrombin

Answer 23

7

Question 24

factor 3 and 7 lead to activation of?

Answer 24

thrombin

Question 25

secondary hemostasis

Answer 25

• activated thrombin promotes formation of a fibrin clot and actiavtes additional platelets
• formation of a stable clot

Question 26

endothelial cells produce ______ and _____

Answer 26

1) t-PA (fibrinolysis)

2) thrombomodulin (blocks coagulation cascade)