enviro - nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
highly susceptible groups to nutritional diseases
A
1) poor ppl
2) alcoholics
3) acute and chronic illness: basal metabolic rate may be increased
4) dieters- anorexia or bulimia
2
Q
what does SAM stand for?
A
severe acute malnutrition
3
Q
two types of SAM?
A
1) maramus - SOMATIC protein compartment represented by skeletal muscles affected
2) Kwashiorkor - affects VISCERAL protein compartment in the visceral organs
4
Q
SAM is casued by?
A
inadequate dietary intake f protein and total calories to meet the body’s needs
5
Q
PEM stands for?
A
protein energy malnutrition
6
Q
define maramus
A
less than 60% of normal body weight
- growth retardation
- loss of muscle mass
- anemia*****
- immunodeficiency
7
Q
define Kwashiorkor
A
excessive protein deprovation
- weight is 60-80% of normal
- generalized or dependent edema
- –pronounced abdomin
- “flaky paint’ lesions**
- hair abnormalities
- enlarged, fatty liver
- muscle atrophy
- defects in immunity and secondary infection
8
Q
if you see a pronounced abdomen, what PEM disease is it?
A
Kwashiorkor
9
Q
the severe form of PEM/SAM is known as?
A
cachexia; weakness and wasting of the body
10
Q
cachexia is associated with?
A
cancer
11
Q
define anorexia nervosa?
A
self induced; similar to PAM/SEM
- amenorrhea
- cold intolerance, constipation, skin and hair changes
- —cold cuz no cushion!
- decreased one density
- cardiac arrhythmia may lead to sudden death
12
Q
clinical symptoms of anorexia nervosa are similar to?
A
protein energy malnutrition starvation (PEM/SAM)
13
Q
define amenorrhea
A
an abnormal absence of menstruation
14
Q
define bulimia
A
willful vomiting after large intake of calories
- binge eating (typically of carbs) followed by induced vomiting
- *if female, 50% have amenorrhea
15
Q
T or F… bulimics maintain normal weight?
A
true
16
Q
clinical problems with bulimia
A
- electrolyte imbalances
- aspiration of gastric juices
- esophageal rupture
- erosion of teeth
17
Q
T or F… dentists are commonly the first to notice bulimia
A
true
18
Q
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
A
A D E K
- readily stored in body
- poorly absorbed in some GI disorders
19
Q
T or F… single vitamin deficiencies are common
A
FALSE
-deficiency may be primary or secondary
20
Q
Vitamin A is transported and stored in?
A
retinal! (retinal ester)
**primarily stored in liver = 90%
21
Q
vitamin A functions (4 things)
A
- maintains normal dark vision via rhodopsin synthesis
- promotes differentiation of mucous secreting cells
- enhancement of immunity and cancer prevention
- photo protective and antioxidant functions
22
Q
clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency?
What two organs commonly affected?
A
1) night blindness
2) xerophthalmia (dry eye)
3) squamous metaplasia predisposes to secondary pulmonary infections and desquamation of keratin debris in the urinary tract leads to renal and urinary bladder stones
- –lungs and bladder
4) impaired immunity
23
Q
vitamin D is a ____ hormone
A
steroid hormone
24
Q
vitamin D function
A
functions to maintain normal plasma levels of calcium and phosphorous (needed for bone)
25
vitamin D source
* diet: fish and grains
| * endogenous: UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (skin) to Vit D3
26
vitamin D is obtained?
90% of required Vit D can be obtained endogenously
27
vitamin D metabolism= conversion to active forms in ____ and _____?
liver and kidney
28
The state of vitamin D deficiency in children is called ____? In adults is called ______?
* children = rickets
| * adults = osteomalacia
29
basic derangement of vitamin D is an excess of?
excess of non-mineralized bone matrix
30
rickets symptoms
- excessive cartilage malformations lead to eventual skeletal deformations
- frontal bossing and 'squared head'
- rachitic rosary
- pigeon breast
- lumbar lordosis and bowed legs
31
define rachitic rosary
excess cartilage at costochondral junction aka bony necklace caused by Vit D deficiency
*sign of rickets
32
osteomalacia symptoms
- weak bone with gross fracture or micro fracture
- excess of osteoid (unmineralized bone)
- differentiate from osteopenias such as osteoporosis
33
Vitamin E functions? (3 things)
- Free radical scavenger
- Protects against oxidation-induced tissue damage
- Acts along with selenium in the maintenance of cell (neuronal) membranes
34
Vitamin E is found?
Abundant in vegetables, grains, and nuts
35
Vitamin E deficiency affects?
peripheral nerves and may increase RBC fragility
36
Vitamin K is required for?
clotting
37
Vitamin K is needed for the activity of what clotting factors?
clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X (prothrombin complex)
38
Vitamin K sources?
* Endogenous -gut microflora
| * Exogenous -necessary
39
T or F.... Vitamin K is not recycled
FALSE
| *** Vitamin K is recycled in the liver
40
Vitamin K deficiency consequences?
- -Bleeding diathesis in neonates
| - -Intracranial hemorrhage
41
Name a drug that acts as a Vitamin K antagonist?
Warfarin (aka coumadin)
| **prevents clotting
42
another name for Thiamine?
Vitamin B1
43
high risk groups for Thiamine/Vitamin B1 deficiency?
Seen in populations highly dependant on refined foods (polished rice)
44
Thiamine/Vitamin B1 Deficiency Syndromes
1) Polyneuropathy (dry beriberi)
2) Cardiovascular syndrome with edema (wet beriberi)
3) Wernicke -Korsakoff syndrome
45
describe Wernicke -Korsakoff syndrome?
| ** lesions target what?
- Wernicke’s encephalopathy–acute phase (neurological disorder = confusion, unsteady, eye movement)
- Korsakoff's psychosis–Chronic phase; mental illness; permanent damage to memory
- **CNS lesions -target thalamus and hypothalamus
- Seen mostly in chronic alcoholics in USA
46
alcoholics commonly get what disease?
Wernicke -Korsakoff syndrome from a Thiamine/Vitamin B1 Deficiency
47
another name for Riboflavin?
Vitamin B2
48
Riboflavin/Vitamin B2 deficiency
- - Associated with other nutritional deficiencies. Low consumption of milk, chronic alcoholism, or chronic diarrhea.
- - Angular cheilitis
- - Glossitis -shiny, red-blue tongue
- - Eye changes
- - Dermatitis
49
define Glossitis
shiny, red-blue tongue
| *commonly seen in Riboflavin/Vitamin B2 deficiency
50
define Angular cheilitis
common inflammatory condition affecting the corners of the mouth or oral commissures
*commonly seen in Riboflavin/Vitamin B2 deficiency
51
another name for Vitamin B3?
Niacin
52
An inability to absorb Niacin/Vitamin B3 or amino acid TRYPTOPHAN may cause?
pellagra
53
define pellagra
a disease characterized by scaly sores, mucosal changes and mental symptoms
54
Nicotinic Acid is associated with?
Niacin/Vitamin B3
55
skin seizure is another name for what disease
pellagra
56
what are the 3 D's of pellagra?
1. Dermatitis
2. Diarrhea
3. Dementia (neuron degeneration)
57
define Dermatitis
Flakey skin
| * Pellagra may actually be a complex disorder involving thiamine, riboflavin and other nutrients
58
sources of Vitamin C?
milk, fruits, and vegetables
59
functions of Vit C?
1) Collagen synthesis
| 2) Vascular integrity and elasticity
60
Deficiency disease of Vit C called?
scurvy
61
define scurvy and its symptoms
* can be seen in USA, mainly in autistic kids
- -Much more dramatic in children
* Skeletal changes in children similar to rickets
* Membranes and endochondral bone formation is disrupted
* Bowed legs
* corkscrew hair
62
scurvy can secondarily cause?
1) bacterial periodontal infection
2) hemorrhage
- - Periungual aka warts
- - Gingival swelling and bleeding
63
scurvy primarily affects what part of the mouth?
gingiva
64
T or F... Vit C deficiency is common?
| ***Give example of diet
FALSE
* Unusual except in very strict or unusual diets
* * The original “Zen macrobiotic diet” induced some cases and deaths from scurvy
65
corkscrew hair is associated with with Vit deficiency?
Vit C
66
hair probs are seen in what diseases?
Vit C deficiency, and SEM/PAM (Kwashiorkor) and anorexia
67
zinc is a ___ element
trace elements
68
zinc is needed in what amount?
Less than 1 ug/gm of wet tissue
69
Zinc deficiency symptoms
1) Acrodermatitis enteropathica
- -distinctive rash around mouth and anus
2) Infertility
3) Growth retardation
70
define Obesity
Increased accumulation of body fat above a particular standard
** BMI > 30 kg/m (normal < 25 kg/m)
71
BMI is calculated how?
Weight in kilograms divided by the square of your height in meters
72
define Central obesity
fat accumulation primarily in trunk (abdomen)
73
does central or general obesity have higher risks of diseases?
Central obesity has higher risk of many diseases than general obesity
74
T or F... obesity has a major genetic component
true
75
List diseases obese people are at high risk of getting?
1) Diabetes -type II
2) Hypertriglyceridemia and low HDLs = increased risk of coronary artery disease
3) Cholelithiasis -gall stones
4) Hypoventilation syndrome (Pickwickian syndrome) -respiratory abnormalities
5) Osteoarthritis -due to wear and tear of joints
6) Increased risk of stroke and cancer
76
define Cholelithiasis
formation of gall stones
77
Hypertriglyceridemia and low HDLs increases your risk of ______ disease?
coronary artery disease
78
Atherosclerosis can be postponed by reducing _____ intake?
saturated fat intake
79
You can replace saturated fats in your diet with?
unsaturated fats (fish, poly and mono-unsaturated vegetable oils)
80
fix Hypertension by?
decreasing sodium intake, exercise, medication
81
Garlic may help what organ?
heart
82
fiber helps what organ?
colon, reduced diverticulosis of colon
83
Sodium nitrite (and nitrates via transformation to nitrosamines and nitrosamides) may promote what cancers?
gastric and pancreatic cancers
84
High animal fat with low fiber may promote?
colonic cancer
85
What are Theoretical Anticarcinogens?
Vitamin C, E, A and selenium (antioxidants)
86
what causes sudden death in anorexic ppl?
cardiac arrhythmia
87
zinc deficiency and lead toxicity both have negative affects on?
reproductive system (causes infertility)
