Edema Flashcards
edema is the accumulation of fluid from?
*definition
the net outward movement of water into the extra-vascular spaces
* accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues drained by lymphatic vessels
edema may be caused by alterations in the? (3 options)
1) endothelial cell function
2) increased intravascular pressure
3) decreased plasma protein content
define hemostasis
process of blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding following blood vessel damage
inadequate hemostasis leads to?
hemorrhage
massive or rapid hemorrhage leads to?
hypotension, shock and death
inappropriate clotting or migration of clots leads to?
infarction (or pulmonary embolism or cerebral vascular accident or
define infarction
the obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue
another term for clot
thrombosis
another term for clot migration
embolism
define hyperemia
active process as a result of arteriole dilation and increased blood flow
define congestion
passive process as a result of impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue
blue red = _____ color
cyanotic
chronic congestion leads to?
parenchymal cell death and fibrosis
increase in blood volume within a tissue is due to?
hyperemia and congestion (edema)
define anasarca
generalized swelling of the entire body
edema may be focal or severe or ______
anasarca (aka generalized)
fluid accumulation within body cavities:
1) pleural effusion
2) pericardial
3) peritoneum
1) hydrothorax
2) hydropericardium
3) ascites
edema is a fluid movement governed by what two opposing forces?
vascular hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure
increased hydrostatic OR decreased osmotic pressure = ______ movement of water into the interstitium
increased
excess edema fluid is drained by?
lymphatics
transudate
protein-poor edema fluid (specific gravity <1.012)
*hydrodynamic edema
exudate
protein-rich edema fluid (specific gravity > 1.020)
*inflammatory edema
Is transudate or exudate also known as inflammatory edema or hydrodynamic edema??
- transudate = hydrodynamic edema
* exudate = inflammatory edema
Is transudate or exudate specific gravity <1.012 or > 1.020??
- transudate = <1.012
* exudate = > 1.020
four main causes of edema
1) increased hydrostatic pressure
2) reduced plasma osmotic pressure
3) lymphatic obstruction
4) sodium and water retention
increased hydrostatic pressure localized vs generalized
local= impaired venous return (DVT aka Deep vein thrombosis)
general= increases in venous pressure (CHF)
DVT is an example of?
Deep vein thrombosis is an example of localized increased hydrostatic pressure
CHF is an example of?
congestive heart failure is an example of generalized increased hydrostatic pressure
increased venous hydrostatic pressure in CHF affect on kidney?
** since the heart is unable to increase cardiac output, it results in?
reduced renal perfusion = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis > Na and water retention
** results in fluid retention, increased venous return hydrostatic pressure and generalized edema
reduced plasma osmotic pressure causes loss of or inadequate synthesis of?
albumin
what 3 things happen with loss of or inadequate synthesis of albumin?
1) nephrotic syndrome
2) cirrhosis
3) malnutrition
nephrotic syndrome
loss of albumin (protein) in the urine
cirrhosis
decreased synthesis of albumin by the liver
malnutrition
inadequate intake of protein => decreased synthesis of albumin
pitting edema if indicative of?
right heart failure (bc you have generalized swelling all over the body)
describe lymphatic obstruction
localized obstruction due to an inflammatory or neoplastic (breast surgery) etiology
two common causes of lymphatic obstruction
1) filariasis
- - massive edema of lower limb and genitalia leads to elephantiasis
2) cancer
- - infiltration and obstruction by cancer cells. May also be a complication of surgury
sodium and water retention causes an expansion of?
intravascular volume
expansion of intravascular volume causes an increase in
hydrostatic pressure and reduction n plasma osmotic pressure
sodium and water retention are often noted in diseases that compromise?
renal function
subcutaneous edema
may be diffuse, most pronounced in regions of highest hydrostatic pressures (or far away from heart)
dependent edema
legs and sacrum. finger pressure > pitting edema
renal dysfunction edema
first manifests in loose connective tissue
*Ex: eyelids
pulmonary edema
lungs are 2-3 x’s their normal weight
brain edema
localized (abscess or tumor) or generalized (increased CSF)
subcutaneous edema may bea sign of underlying?
cardiac or renal disease
pulmonary edema often noted in?
left ventricular failure, also in renal failure and ARDS
If severe, brain edema is?
life-threatening
