Edema

Question 1

edema is the accumulation of fluid from?

*definition

Answer 1

the net outward movement of water into the extra-vascular spaces
* accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues drained by lymphatic vessels

Question 2

edema may be caused by alterations in the? (3 options)

Answer 2

1) endothelial cell function
2) increased intravascular pressure
3) decreased plasma protein content

Question 3

define hemostasis

Answer 3

process of blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding following blood vessel damage

Question 4

inadequate hemostasis leads to?

Answer 4

hemorrhage

Question 5

massive or rapid hemorrhage leads to?

Answer 5

hypotension, shock and death

Question 6

inappropriate clotting or migration of clots leads to?

Answer 6

infarction (or pulmonary embolism or cerebral vascular accident or

Question 7

define infarction

Answer 7

the obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue

Question 8

another term for clot

Answer 8

thrombosis

Question 9

another term for clot migration

Answer 9

embolism

Question 10

define hyperemia

Answer 10

active process as a result of arteriole dilation and increased blood flow

Question 11

define congestion

Answer 11

passive process as a result of impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue

Question 12

blue red = _____ color

Answer 12

cyanotic

Question 13

chronic congestion leads to?

Answer 13

parenchymal cell death and fibrosis

Question 14

increase in blood volume within a tissue is due to?

Answer 14

hyperemia and congestion (edema)

Question 15

define anasarca

Answer 15

generalized swelling of the entire body

Question 16

edema may be focal or severe or ______

Answer 16

anasarca (aka generalized)

Question 17

fluid accumulation within body cavities:

1) pleural effusion
2) pericardial
3) peritoneum

Answer 17

1) hydrothorax
2) hydropericardium
3) ascites

Question 18

edema is a fluid movement governed by what two opposing forces?

Answer 18

vascular hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

Question 19

increased hydrostatic OR decreased osmotic pressure = ______ movement of water into the interstitium

Answer 19

increased

Question 20

excess edema fluid is drained by?

Answer 20

lymphatics

Question 21

transudate

Answer 21

protein-poor edema fluid (specific gravity <1.012)

*hydrodynamic edema

Question 22

exudate

Answer 22

protein-rich edema fluid (specific gravity > 1.020)

*inflammatory edema

Question 23

Is transudate or exudate also known as inflammatory edema or hydrodynamic edema??

Answer 23

• transudate = hydrodynamic edema

* exudate = inflammatory edema

Question 24

Is transudate or exudate specific gravity <1.012 or > 1.020??

Answer 24

• transudate = <1.012

* exudate = > 1.020

Question 25

four main causes of edema

Answer 25

1) increased hydrostatic pressure 2) reduced plasma osmotic pressure 3) lymphatic obstruction 4) sodium and water retention

Question 26

increased hydrostatic pressure localized vs generalized

Answer 26

local= impaired venous return (DVT aka Deep vein thrombosis) general= increases in venous pressure (CHF)

Question 27

DVT is an example of?

Answer 27

Deep vein thrombosis is an example of localized increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 28

CHF is an example of?

Answer 28

congestive heart failure is an example of generalized increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 29

increased venous hydrostatic pressure in CHF affect on kidney? ** since the heart is unable to increase cardiac output, it results in?

Answer 29

reduced renal perfusion = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis > Na and water retention ** results in fluid retention, increased venous return hydrostatic pressure and generalized edema

Question 30

reduced plasma osmotic pressure causes loss of or inadequate synthesis of?

Answer 30

albumin

Question 31

what 3 things happen with loss of or inadequate synthesis of albumin?

Answer 31

1) nephrotic syndrome 2) cirrhosis 3) malnutrition

Question 32

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 32

loss of albumin (protein) in the urine

Question 33

cirrhosis

Answer 33

decreased synthesis of albumin by the liver

Question 34

malnutrition

Answer 34

inadequate intake of protein => decreased synthesis of albumin

Question 35

pitting edema if indicative of?

Answer 35

right heart failure (bc you have generalized swelling all over the body)

Question 36

describe lymphatic obstruction

Answer 36

localized obstruction due to an inflammatory or neoplastic (breast surgery) etiology

Question 37

two common causes of lymphatic obstruction

Answer 37

1) filariasis - - massive edema of lower limb and genitalia leads to elephantiasis 2) cancer - - infiltration and obstruction by cancer cells. May also be a complication of surgury

Question 38

sodium and water retention causes an expansion of?

Answer 38

intravascular volume

Question 39

expansion of intravascular volume causes an increase in

Answer 39

hydrostatic pressure and reduction n plasma osmotic pressure

Question 40

sodium and water retention are often noted in diseases that compromise?

Answer 40

renal function

Question 41

subcutaneous edema

Answer 41

may be diffuse, most pronounced in regions of highest hydrostatic pressures (or far away from heart)

Question 42

dependent edema

Answer 42

legs and sacrum. finger pressure > pitting edema

Question 43

renal dysfunction edema

Answer 43

first manifests in loose connective tissue | *Ex: eyelids

Question 44

pulmonary edema

Answer 44

lungs are 2-3 x's their normal weight

Question 45

brain edema

Answer 45

localized (abscess or tumor) or generalized (increased CSF)

Question 46

subcutaneous edema may bea sign of underlying?

Answer 46

cardiac or renal disease

Question 47

pulmonary edema often noted in?

Answer 47

left ventricular failure, also in renal failure and ARDS

Question 48

If severe, brain edema is?

Answer 48

life-threatening