HEMODYNAMICS

Question 1

it is an overreactive inflammatory response to infection

Answer 1

sepsis

Question 2

what are the 3 types of haemorrhage

Answer 2

petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses

Question 3

infarction 3 influences

Answer 3

nature of blood supply, rate of development, and tissue vulnerability

Question 4

cardiogenic: reduced blood volume
hypovolemic:_________

Answer 4

decrease in blood volume

Question 5

the two pressures that maintain fluid homeostasis are

Answer 5

osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

thrombosis is at one place true or false

Answer 6

true

Question 7

in this stage of shock, widespread tissue necrosis is seen

Answer 7

irreversible stage

Question 8

increase in plasma colloid osmotic pressure and decrease in hydrostatic pressure is the cause of edema- T or F

Answer 8

F (decrease in plasma colloid, increase in hydrostatic pressure)

Question 9

this is due to increased blood flow due to arteriolar vasodilation and increased capillary leakiness

Answer 9

inflammatory localized edema

Question 10

what are the causes of mechanical edema?

Answer 10

filariasis ,chemotherapy, radiotherapy, neoplasia

Question 11

what hormone is responsible for sodium and water retention?

Answer 11

aldosterone

Question 12

causes of increased hydrostatic pressure

Answer 12

gravity, congestive heart failure, and venous obstruction due to DVT, Cirrhosis, constrictive pericarditis

Question 13

blocks the hepatic portal system

Answer 13

cirrhosis

Question 14

liver dysfunction, nephrotic syndrome, PEM are causes of

Answer 14

decrease in oncotic pressure

Question 15

this protein is important to maintain the levels of oncotic pressure

Answer 15

albumin

Question 16

edema happens when?

Answer 16

imbalance in fluid homeostasis

Question 17

cannot make enough albumin: liver failure
excreting too much albumin:

Answer 17

nephrotic syndrome

Question 18

it increases water retention

Answer 18

anti dieuretic hormone

Question 19

when there is right sided heart failure what is the consequence?

Answer 19

centrilobular hepatic congestion

Question 20

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway is stimulated by what event

Answer 20

low cardiac output

Question 21

chronic pulmonary congestion is a result of?

Answer 21

left sided heart failure

Question 22

also known as heart failure cells

Answer 22

hemosiderin

Question 23

it is a collection of blood in an organ or tissue

Answer 23

hematoma

Question 24

the key regulators of hemostasis are

Answer 24

endothelial cells and platelets

Question 25

what are the 3 granules present i the platelet

Answer 25

fibrinogen, plasminogen, thromboplastin

Question 26

it maintains the shape of platelets

Answer 26

peripheral microtubule bundle

Question 27

actin and myosin are responsible for

Answer 27

clot contraction

Question 28

explain platelet clot formation

Answer 28

1. vasoconstriction- endothelin
2. platelet aggregation- thromboxane and ADP
3. fibrin polymerization- so from prothrombin acted on by thromboplastin it will create thrombin. then fibrinogen acted by thrombin plus CA++ will form fibrin
4. clot contraction- actin myosin and atp
5. clot resolution- ppa- platelet plasminogen activator (magiging fibrinolytic plasmin or dissolved clot)
6. tissue repair- induced by platelet derived growth factor (proliferation ng shits)

Question 29

what are the 3 antithrombotic properties

Answer 29

antiplatelet, anticoagulant, fibrinolytic effects

Question 30

these inhibit platelet aggregation

Answer 30

nitric oxide, ADpase, and endothelial prostacyclin

Question 31

this anticoagulant effect binds and converts thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme that activates protein

Answer 31

thrombomodulin

Question 32

this promotes lysis of clots

Answer 32

tissue plasminogen activator tPA

Question 33

these factors promote thrombosis

Answer 33

prothrombotic factors

Question 34

this prothrombotic factor allows platelet to bind with collagen and start aggregation

Answer 34

von willebrand factor

Question 35

induced by proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and TNF

Answer 35

tissue factor

Question 36

PAI’S stands for

Answer 36

plasminogen activator inhibitors- it inhibits the cleavage of plasminogen to plasmin,

Question 37

virchows triad

Answer 37

abnormal blood flow, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability

Question 38

this is resistant to cleavage and therefore more active

Answer 38

protease- resistant clotting factors

Question 39

thrombus usually from deep vein thrombosis breaks off and goes to right ventricle

Answer 39

pulmonary thromboembolism

Question 40

how many minutes can neurons withstand hypoxia

Answer 40

3-4 minutes

Question 41

myocytes can withstand 30 minutes of hypoxia T or F

Answer 41

True teh true na true

Question 42

what hormone increases coagulant factors and decreases anticoagulant factors?

Answer 42

estrogen

Question 43

what is the gfr of kidney

Answer 43

120 to 125 ml/minute

Question 44

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 44

decrease in osmotic pressure

Question 45

administration of full length heparin causes antibodies to develop that inactivate its antithrombotic activities

Answer 45

heparin-induced thrompocytopenia

Question 46

it is often seen in autoimmune diseases like lupus, antibodiies activate platelet and inhibit PGI synthesis thus promoting hypercoagulable state

Answer 46

antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Question 47

what arterial thrombosis is due to post infarction or post infection damage to lining of heart. it induces formation of clots that can break off ad plus distant site

Answer 47

mural thrombosis