HEMODYNAMICS Flashcards
it is an overreactive inflammatory response to infection
sepsis
what are the 3 types of haemorrhage
petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses
infarction 3 influences
nature of blood supply, rate of development, and tissue vulnerability
cardiogenic: reduced blood volume
hypovolemic:_________
decrease in blood volume
the two pressures that maintain fluid homeostasis are
osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure
thrombosis is at one place true or false
true
in this stage of shock, widespread tissue necrosis is seen
irreversible stage
increase in plasma colloid osmotic pressure and decrease in hydrostatic pressure is the cause of edema- T or F
F (decrease in plasma colloid, increase in hydrostatic pressure)
this is due to increased blood flow due to arteriolar vasodilation and increased capillary leakiness
inflammatory localized edema
what are the causes of mechanical edema?
filariasis ,chemotherapy, radiotherapy, neoplasia
what hormone is responsible for sodium and water retention?
aldosterone
causes of increased hydrostatic pressure
gravity, congestive heart failure, and venous obstruction due to DVT, Cirrhosis, constrictive pericarditis
blocks the hepatic portal system
cirrhosis
liver dysfunction, nephrotic syndrome, PEM are causes of
decrease in oncotic pressure
this protein is important to maintain the levels of oncotic pressure
albumin
edema happens when?
imbalance in fluid homeostasis
cannot make enough albumin: liver failure
excreting too much albumin:
nephrotic syndrome
it increases water retention
anti dieuretic hormone
when there is right sided heart failure what is the consequence?
centrilobular hepatic congestion
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway is stimulated by what event
low cardiac output
chronic pulmonary congestion is a result of?
left sided heart failure
also known as heart failure cells
hemosiderin
it is a collection of blood in an organ or tissue
hematoma
the key regulators of hemostasis are
endothelial cells and platelets
what are the 3 granules present i the platelet
fibrinogen, plasminogen, thromboplastin
it maintains the shape of platelets
peripheral microtubule bundle
actin and myosin are responsible for
clot contraction
explain platelet clot formation
- vasoconstriction- endothelin
- platelet aggregation- thromboxane and ADP
- fibrin polymerization- so from prothrombin acted on by thromboplastin it will create thrombin. then fibrinogen acted by thrombin plus CA++ will form fibrin
- clot contraction- actin myosin and atp
- clot resolution- ppa- platelet plasminogen activator (magiging fibrinolytic plasmin or dissolved clot)
- tissue repair- induced by platelet derived growth factor (proliferation ng shits)
what are the 3 antithrombotic properties
antiplatelet, anticoagulant, fibrinolytic effects
these inhibit platelet aggregation
nitric oxide, ADpase, and endothelial prostacyclin
this anticoagulant effect binds and converts thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme that activates protein
thrombomodulin
this promotes lysis of clots
tissue plasminogen activator tPA
these factors promote thrombosis
prothrombotic factors
this prothrombotic factor allows platelet to bind with collagen and start aggregation
von willebrand factor
induced by proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and TNF
tissue factor
PAI’S stands for
plasminogen activator inhibitors- it inhibits the cleavage of plasminogen to plasmin,
virchows triad
abnormal blood flow, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability
this is resistant to cleavage and therefore more active
protease- resistant clotting factors
thrombus usually from deep vein thrombosis breaks off and goes to right ventricle
pulmonary thromboembolism
how many minutes can neurons withstand hypoxia
3-4 minutes
myocytes can withstand 30 minutes of hypoxia T or F
True teh true na true
what hormone increases coagulant factors and decreases anticoagulant factors?
estrogen
what is the gfr of kidney
120 to 125 ml/minute
nephrotic syndrome
decrease in osmotic pressure
administration of full length heparin causes antibodies to develop that inactivate its antithrombotic activities
heparin-induced thrompocytopenia
it is often seen in autoimmune diseases like lupus, antibodiies activate platelet and inhibit PGI synthesis thus promoting hypercoagulable state
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
what arterial thrombosis is due to post infarction or post infection damage to lining of heart. it induces formation of clots that can break off ad plus distant site
mural thrombosis
