HEMODYNAMICS Flashcards

1
Q

it is an overreactive inflammatory response to infection

A

sepsis

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of haemorrhage

A

petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses

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3
Q

infarction 3 influences

A

nature of blood supply, rate of development, and tissue vulnerability

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4
Q

cardiogenic: reduced blood volume
hypovolemic:_________

A

decrease in blood volume

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5
Q

the two pressures that maintain fluid homeostasis are

A

osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

thrombosis is at one place true or false

A

true

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7
Q

in this stage of shock, widespread tissue necrosis is seen

A

irreversible stage

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8
Q

increase in plasma colloid osmotic pressure and decrease in hydrostatic pressure is the cause of edema- T or F

A

F (decrease in plasma colloid, increase in hydrostatic pressure)

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9
Q

this is due to increased blood flow due to arteriolar vasodilation and increased capillary leakiness

A

inflammatory localized edema

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10
Q

what are the causes of mechanical edema?

A

filariasis ,chemotherapy, radiotherapy, neoplasia

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11
Q

what hormone is responsible for sodium and water retention?

A

aldosterone

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12
Q

causes of increased hydrostatic pressure

A

gravity, congestive heart failure, and venous obstruction due to DVT, Cirrhosis, constrictive pericarditis

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13
Q

blocks the hepatic portal system

A

cirrhosis

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14
Q

liver dysfunction, nephrotic syndrome, PEM are causes of

A

decrease in oncotic pressure

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15
Q

this protein is important to maintain the levels of oncotic pressure

A

albumin

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16
Q

edema happens when?

A

imbalance in fluid homeostasis

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17
Q

cannot make enough albumin: liver failure
excreting too much albumin:

A

nephrotic syndrome

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18
Q

it increases water retention

A

anti dieuretic hormone

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19
Q

when there is right sided heart failure what is the consequence?

A

centrilobular hepatic congestion

20
Q

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway is stimulated by what event

A

low cardiac output

21
Q

chronic pulmonary congestion is a result of?

A

left sided heart failure

22
Q

also known as heart failure cells

A

hemosiderin

23
Q

it is a collection of blood in an organ or tissue

24
Q

the key regulators of hemostasis are

A

endothelial cells and platelets

25
what are the 3 granules present i the platelet
fibrinogen, plasminogen, thromboplastin
26
it maintains the shape of platelets
peripheral microtubule bundle
27
actin and myosin are responsible for
clot contraction
28
explain platelet clot formation
1. vasoconstriction- endothelin 2. platelet aggregation- thromboxane and ADP 3. fibrin polymerization- so from prothrombin acted on by thromboplastin it will create thrombin. then fibrinogen acted by thrombin plus CA++ will form fibrin 4. clot contraction- actin myosin and atp 5. clot resolution- ppa- platelet plasminogen activator (magiging fibrinolytic plasmin or dissolved clot) 6. tissue repair- induced by platelet derived growth factor (proliferation ng shits)
29
what are the 3 antithrombotic properties
antiplatelet, anticoagulant, fibrinolytic effects
30
these inhibit platelet aggregation
nitric oxide, ADpase, and endothelial prostacyclin
31
this anticoagulant effect binds and converts thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme that activates protein
thrombomodulin
32
this promotes lysis of clots
tissue plasminogen activator tPA
33
these factors promote thrombosis
prothrombotic factors
34
this prothrombotic factor allows platelet to bind with collagen and start aggregation
von willebrand factor
35
induced by proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and TNF
tissue factor
36
PAI'S stands for
plasminogen activator inhibitors- it inhibits the cleavage of plasminogen to plasmin,
37
virchows triad
abnormal blood flow, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability
38
this is resistant to cleavage and therefore more active
protease- resistant clotting factors
39
thrombus usually from deep vein thrombosis breaks off and goes to right ventricle
pulmonary thromboembolism
40
how many minutes can neurons withstand hypoxia
3-4 minutes
41
myocytes can withstand 30 minutes of hypoxia T or F
True teh true na true
42
what hormone increases coagulant factors and decreases anticoagulant factors?
estrogen
43
what is the gfr of kidney
120 to 125 ml/minute
44
nephrotic syndrome
decrease in osmotic pressure
45
administration of full length heparin causes antibodies to develop that inactivate its antithrombotic activities
heparin-induced thrompocytopenia
46
it is often seen in autoimmune diseases like lupus, antibodiies activate platelet and inhibit PGI synthesis thus promoting hypercoagulable state
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
47
what arterial thrombosis is due to post infarction or post infection damage to lining of heart. it induces formation of clots that can break off ad plus distant site
mural thrombosis