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NUR372 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Blood components

A

Plasma

Blood cells

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2
Q

Plasma

A

makes up 55% of the blood

contains electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes

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3
Q

Blood cells

A

makes up 45% of the blood

contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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4
Q

Erythrocytes

A

transports oxygen

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5
Q

Leukocytes

A

fight infection

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6
Q

Thrombocytes

A

helps with clotting

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7
Q

spleen

A

acts as a filter to remove old red blood cells (120 days)

stores white blood, platelets, and fights infection

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8
Q

lymph system

A

production of immune cells and transport of lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting WBC’s throughout the body

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9
Q

liver

A

synthesis of plasma proteins such as albumin, and clotting factors

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10
Q

bone marrow

A

produces red blood cells

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11
Q

kidneys

A

release erythropoietin and signals the bone marrow to make red blood cells

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12
Q

Anemia

A

decrease RBC production

acute or chronic blood loss

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13
Q

S/S of anemia

A

cyanosis, pallor, tachycardia, fatigue decreased O2 sat levels,

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14
Q

What are the first signs and symptoms you will see with anemia?

A

Cardio Pulmonary

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15
Q

Cardio Pulmonary S/S

A

pulmonary congestion
breathlessness
orhtostatic hypotension
decreased O2 Sat levels

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16
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

MOST COMMON FORM OF ANEMIA

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17
Q

Who is most likely to get iron deficiency anemia?

A

homeless, women of child bearing age, children, pregnancy, poor dietary conditions

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18
Q

Who is most likely to get vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

people who have had a gastirc bypass (gastritis) or a gastrectomy

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19
Q

Folic Acid Deficiency

A

Poor nutrition, malabsorption in the small intestine

alcohol abuse
hemodialysis
pregnancy

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20
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

a disease in which the patient has a general pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow

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21
Q

pancytopenia

A

decrease in all blood cell types

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22
Q

Aplastic Anemia decreases

A

WBC’s, platelets, and RBC’s

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23
Q

Aplastic Anemia may be cause by

A

chemotherapy

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24
Q

S/S of Aplastic Anemia

A

Anemia symptoms, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

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25
Diagnostic Studies for Aplastic Anemia
CBC | Total Serum iron and TIBC
26
Treatment for Aplastic Anemia
Treat the cause when possible Minimize further complications (bleeding and infection) Hematopoietic Stem cell transplant Avoid people with acute infections
27
Anemia caused by blood loss treatment
replace blood volume identify source of bleeding prevent further episodes
28
Hemolytic Anemia
caused by increased erythrocyte destruction (sickle cell disease, transfusion reaction)
29
Hemolytic Anemia S/S
jaundice spleen and/or live enlargement Renal failure secondary to hemoglobin accumulation in the renal tubules
30
Hyperbilirubinemia
too much bilirubin in the blood
31
Sickle cell disease
Abnormally formed hemoglobin in the erythrocyte | Two types: Sickle Cell Trait, Sickle Cell Disease
32
Sickle cell trait
has defective gene from 1 parent (carrier)
33
Sickle cell disease
has defective gene from both parents | more common in african americans
34
Sickling episodes
triggered by low oxygen in the blood, infection emotional stress, exercise, blood loss RBC's stick together causing vessel occlusion Circulating sickle cells are hemolyzed by the spleen, leading to anemia
35
Priority for patient with Sickle cell disease is
oxygen therapy
36
Sickle cell treatment
``` teach patient to avoid triggers fluids pain management assess for tissue perfusion Hematopoietic stem cell transplant ```
37
Complications with Sickle Cell
infection secondary to spleen failure, organ infarction, aplastic and hemolytic crisis, leg ulcers
38
Sickle cell crisis
``` severe occlusion vasospasm increased vessel permeability leading to plasma loss sever tissue ischemia present extremely painful ```
39
Polycythemia
production and presence of too many RBC's can be caused by renal cancer
40
Polycythemia S/S
``` hypertension secondary to hypovolemia flushing headache pain dizziness visual disturbances pruritus from histamine release angina HF blood vessel distension ```
41
Polycythemia treatment
reduce blood volume reduce blood viscosity (clot prevention) reduce bone marrow activity avoid iron supplement
42
Thrombocytopenia
reduction of platelets below 150,000 causes: chemo, aspirin/NSAID therapy
43
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Syndrome
constant reduction in clotting factors
44
how do we treat Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Syndrome?
STOP the heparin
45
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Syndrome S/S
bleeding, petechiae, purpura, eccymosis, hemorrhage
46
eccymosis
purple or red discoloration (bruises) of the skin due to leakage of RBCs from the blood vessels into the tissues
47
Hematoma
collection of blood (localized) underneath the skin that can cause swelling, pain, and tenderness
48
Petechiae
pinpoint red, brown, or purple spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding from small blood vessels
49
Purpura
reddish-purple spots larger than petechiae due to bleeding underneath the skin
50
D-Dimer
elevated indicates there may be a thrombus formation and breakdown in the body
51
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Syndrome management
``` Asses for s/s of thrombocytopenia and bleeding subjective and objective data control hemorrhage remove causative factors administer platelets as ordered ```
52
hemophilia
loves to bleed, are genetic disorders type a: most common, factor 8 def, type b: factor 9
53
Hemophilia treatment
prevent and treat the bleeding-should be treated for at least 72 hours give coagulation factors manage bleeding manage any life-threatening complications from hemorrhage
54
DIC
MEDICAL EMERGENCY serious bleeding and thrombotic disorder abnormal response of the normal clotting cascade stimulated by a disease process or disorder results in hemorrhage mortality rate is high
55
DIC treatment
``` DIAGNOSE QUICKLY Oxygenate Manage airway Prioritize problem... bleeding or clotting? treat the problem at the time Assess clots, will need a heparin drip ```
56
Neutropenia causes
chemo, HIV, immunosuppressive meds
57
neutropenia precautions
no fresh flowers or plants HANDWASHING educate family about this
58
Neutropenia treatment
1. Determine cause | 2. Recognize reverse precautions
59
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Characterized by Reed- Sternberg cells
60
Hodgkin nursing care
great chance of survival | treatment based on stage, chemo 4-6 cycles
61
DIC S/S
``` weakness, malaise, fever Bleeding thrombosis pallor petechiae EKG changes ```
62
neutropenia s/s
``` fever sob cough pain chills immunosupressiom ```
63
Multiple Myeloma
cancer of the "plasma cell" cause is unknown can infiltrate the bone marrow which can lead to aplastic anemia
64
treatment of multiple myeloma
chemotherapy | analgesics
65
Gerontology considerations
``` Number of stem cells and bone marrow deplete with age, thus causing problems with the following: RBCs Clotting ability Ability to fight infection Oxygen transportation ```
66
Gerontology considerations
RBC's, clotting ability, ability to fight infection, oxygen transportation are ALL DECREASED
67
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Involves B-cells and a few T-cells
68
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma most commonly occurs in
children and adults
69
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma may be associated with
HIV and autoimmune diseases
70
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
most common
71
Hodgkin commonly occurs in
young adults and adults older than 55
72
Hodgkin Lymphoma is associated with
EBV

NUR372 (13 decks)

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