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NUR372 > Cardio1 > Flashcards

Cardio1 Flashcards

1
Q

Preload

A

end diastolic volume; amount of ventricular stretch

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2
Q

Afterload

A

resistance in which the heart works to eject blood during systole

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3
Q

Contractility

A

how it snaps and pushes blood out

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4
Q

Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

A

hemoglobin is 1/3 of hematocrit
45%-52% in men
37%-42% in women

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5
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure calculation and

average number?

A

(systolic bp + 2 diastolic bp)/3

average number is 60
if lower than 60, it is not high enough to perfuse tissues(cerebral perfusion)

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6
Q

Troponin and Creatine kinase (CK)mb(myocardial bands) lab test

A

these are nonexistent in the blood until the patient experiences death of cardiac tissue

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7
Q

BNP lab test

A

natriuretic peptide- chemical released in the event of heart failure. Over 100 equals heart failure

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8
Q

Describe a cardiac catherization

A

(least invasive way)

  • way to open artery w/o opening chest
  • conscious procedure w/o assisted breathing
  • goes through artery to right side of the heart and run dye to see pathway
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9
Q

Atrial Fibrillation clinical associations

A

*most common dysrhythmia seen in clinical practice

****mitral valve disorder
CAD
pericarditis
cardiomyopathy
caffeine 
electrolyte disturbances
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10
Q

What’s an EPS?

electrophysiology study

A

test the electrical activity of your heart to find where an arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat) is coming from.
tries to induce vtach or vfib, if this happens patient will get a ICD

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11
Q

Why a heart attack?

A

plague in the coronary arteries blocking blood flow

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12
Q

S1

A

Ventricles contracting, represented in the QRS

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13
Q

Cardiac output= stroke volume x HR

A

Measure of volume of blood that comes out of the left ventricle in a minutes time

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14
Q

Exercise electrocardiography (stress test)

A

treadmill, increase heart rate to see changes, first test when people complain of chest pain

do not have to be NPO

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15
Q

Nuclear stress test

A

stressing the heart with chemicals. People who can’t get on the treadmill

have to be NPO

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16
Q

Echocardiography

A

gold standard for diagnosing heart failure

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17
Q

Pharmacologic stress echocardiogram

A

stress test of the mechanical soft tissue

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18
Q

Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

A

ultrasound machine down the esophagus to look at the heart, looking for small blood clots and bacteria growing on a heart valve
Sedative and invasive, check gag reflex bc of numbing spray before they eat or drink

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19
Q

Dysrhythmia treatment is based on

A

patient symptomology.

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20
Q

most effective method of termnating vfib and pulseless vtach

A

defibrillation

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21
Q

defibrillation

A

depolarize the cells of the myocardium in order to allow the SA node to resume the role of the pacemaker.

22
Q

When do we perform an synchronized cardioversion?

A

Afib
Aflutter
Vtach w/ pulse

23
Q

ICD is beneficial to who

A

Implantable cardioverter defibrillartor
survived sudden cardiac death
spontaneous sustained VT
syncope w inducible vf/vt during EPS

a magnet will turn a ICD and a pacemaker off

24
Q

Pacemakers

A

electronic device used to pace the heart when the heart is damaged or diseased

25
Q

syncope

A

passing out and causing loss of consciousness

26
Q

holter monitor for syncope

A

wear it all the time, goes in the pocket, diagnosing and collecting data

27
Q

Event monitor for syncope

A

just records the event when the patient experiences the event, 48-72 hrs and push button when syncope occurs

28
Q

heart failure

A

inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump

29
Q

ejection fraction

A

THE PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD EJECTED FROM THE HEART (VENTRICLES) DURING SYSTOLE, OR CONTRACTION.

30
Q

normal ejection fraction?

A

50%-60%

31
Q

symptoms of left sided heart failure

A 
**pulmonary congestion
breathlessness
confusion
dizziness
fatigue
weakness
32
Q

symptoms of right sided heart failure

A 
Distended neck veins, increased abdominal girth
Hepatomegaly (liver engorgement)
Hepatojugular reflux
Ascites
Exertional and nocturnal dypsnea 
Dependent edema: gravity shifted 
Weight—the most reliable indicator of fluid gain or loss-->5 pound weight gain in three days is a problem, weigh daily
peripheral problem
33
Q

improve cardiac output by

A

reducing afterload, reducing preload, enhancing contractility

34
Q

Heart failure meds

A 
Diuretics
Beta-blockers
Inotropes:
ACE-Inhibitors
Nitrates
35
Q

Diuretics

A

decrease fluid circulating in the body, Lasix-lupe diuretic (K depleting) most common

36
Q

Beta-blockers

A

decrease afterload

37
Q

Inotropes

A

increase ejection fraction

38
Q

ACE-Inhibitors

A

help with afterload

39
Q

Nitrates

A

vasodilate, good for patients who’ve had a heart attack, dilate coronary arteries.

40
Q

HF treatment

A

surgery, meds, life style changes, PATIENT EDUCATION

41
Q

How to manage peripheral edema?

A

diet-no salt
TED hose
Propping up legs
Avoid being on feet a lot

42
Q

Managing activity intolerance

A 
Balance activity and rest.
Nap to restore energy.
Recognize energy limitations.
Conserve energy.
Adapt lifestyle to energy level.
Report adequate endurance for activity
43
Q

Managing Pulmonary Edema

A

Assess for early signs, such as crackles in the lung bases, dyspnea at rest(late sign), disorientation, and confusion.
High-Fowler’s
Oxygen therapy
Nitroglycerine, rapid-acting diuretics, IV morphine sulfate
Continual assessment

44
Q

Kidneys

A

second to brain in perfusion
monitor BUN and creatinine
lasix wont work

45
Q

infective endocarditis

A

Microbial infection involving the endocardium

occur in people who abuse iv drugs, have had valve replacements, structural defects

possible ports of entry- oral, skin rash, lesion, abscess, surgery

46
Q

infective endocarditis manifestations

A 
Murmur
Heart failure
Arterial embolization
Splenic infarction
Petechiae (pinpoint red spots)
Splinter hemorrhages
47
Q

infective endocarditis diagnostic

A

echo TEE with biopsy

48
Q

Anticoagulants

A

prevents thrombus not an embolus

49
Q

pericarditis

A

Inflammation or alteration of the pericardium, the membranous sac that encloses the heart

50
Q

pericarditis

A

Inflammation or alteration of the pericardium, the membranous sac that encloses the heart

looking for pericardial friction rub!!!!
manage pain with narcotics and anti-inflammitory

51
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

extreme emergency

increase fluid volume
hemodynamic monitoring
pericardiocentesis: needle into the pericardium

NUR372 (13 decks)

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