Cardio1

Question 1

Preload

Answer 1

end diastolic volume; amount of ventricular stretch

Question 2

Afterload

Answer 2

resistance in which the heart works to eject blood during systole

Question 3

Contractility

Answer 3

how it snaps and pushes blood out

Question 4

Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

Answer 4

hemoglobin is 1/3 of hematocrit
45%-52% in men
37%-42% in women

Question 5

Mean Arterial Pressure calculation and

average number?

Answer 5

(systolic bp + 2 diastolic bp)/3

average number is 60
if lower than 60, it is not high enough to perfuse tissues(cerebral perfusion)

Question 6

Troponin and Creatine kinase (CK)mb(myocardial bands) lab test

Answer 6

these are nonexistent in the blood until the patient experiences death of cardiac tissue

Question 7

BNP lab test

Answer 7

natriuretic peptide- chemical released in the event of heart failure. Over 100 equals heart failure

Question 8

Describe a cardiac catherization

Answer 8

(least invasive way)

• way to open artery w/o opening chest
• conscious procedure w/o assisted breathing
• goes through artery to right side of the heart and run dye to see pathway

Question 9

Atrial Fibrillation clinical associations

Answer 9

*most common dysrhythmia seen in clinical practice

****mitral valve disorder
CAD
pericarditis
cardiomyopathy
caffeine 
electrolyte disturbances

Question 10

What’s an EPS?

electrophysiology study

Answer 10

test the electrical activity of your heart to find where an arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat) is coming from.
tries to induce vtach or vfib, if this happens patient will get a ICD

Question 11

Why a heart attack?

Answer 11

plague in the coronary arteries blocking blood flow

Question 12

S1

Answer 12

Ventricles contracting, represented in the QRS

Question 13

Cardiac output= stroke volume x HR

Answer 13

Measure of volume of blood that comes out of the left ventricle in a minutes time

Question 14

Exercise electrocardiography (stress test)

Answer 14

treadmill, increase heart rate to see changes, first test when people complain of chest pain

do not have to be NPO

Question 15

Nuclear stress test

Answer 15

stressing the heart with chemicals. People who can’t get on the treadmill

have to be NPO

Question 16

Echocardiography

Answer 16

gold standard for diagnosing heart failure

Question 17

Pharmacologic stress echocardiogram

Answer 17

stress test of the mechanical soft tissue

Question 18

Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

Answer 18

ultrasound machine down the esophagus to look at the heart, looking for small blood clots and bacteria growing on a heart valve
Sedative and invasive, check gag reflex bc of numbing spray before they eat or drink

Question 19

Dysrhythmia treatment is based on

Answer 19

patient symptomology.

Question 20

most effective method of termnating vfib and pulseless vtach

Answer 20

defibrillation

Question 21

defibrillation

Answer 21

depolarize the cells of the myocardium in order to allow the SA node to resume the role of the pacemaker.

Question 22

When do we perform an synchronized cardioversion?

Answer 22

Afib
Aflutter
Vtach w/ pulse

Question 23

ICD is beneficial to who

Answer 23

Implantable cardioverter defibrillartor
survived sudden cardiac death
spontaneous sustained VT
syncope w inducible vf/vt during EPS

a magnet will turn a ICD and a pacemaker off

Question 24

Pacemakers

Answer 24

electronic device used to pace the heart when the heart is damaged or diseased

Question 25

syncope

Answer 25

passing out and causing loss of consciousness

Question 26

holter monitor for syncope

Answer 26

wear it all the time, goes in the pocket, diagnosing and collecting data

Question 27

Event monitor for syncope

Answer 27

just records the event when the patient experiences the event, 48-72 hrs and push button when syncope occurs

Question 28

heart failure

Answer 28

inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump

Question 29

ejection fraction

Answer 29

THE PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD EJECTED FROM THE HEART (VENTRICLES) DURING SYSTOLE, OR CONTRACTION.

Question 30

normal ejection fraction?

Answer 30

50%-60%

Question 31

symptoms of left sided heart failure

Answer 31

``` **pulmonary congestion breathlessness confusion dizziness fatigue weakness ```

Question 32

symptoms of right sided heart failure

Answer 32

``` Distended neck veins, increased abdominal girth Hepatomegaly (liver engorgement) Hepatojugular reflux Ascites Exertional and nocturnal dypsnea Dependent edema: gravity shifted Weight—the most reliable indicator of fluid gain or loss-->5 pound weight gain in three days is a problem, weigh daily peripheral problem ```

Question 33

improve cardiac output by

Answer 33

reducing afterload, reducing preload, enhancing contractility

Question 34

Heart failure meds

Answer 34

``` Diuretics Beta-blockers Inotropes: ACE-Inhibitors Nitrates ```

Question 35

Diuretics

Answer 35

decrease fluid circulating in the body, Lasix-lupe diuretic (K depleting) most common

Question 36

Beta-blockers

Answer 36

decrease afterload

Question 37

Inotropes

Answer 37

increase ejection fraction

Question 38

ACE-Inhibitors

Answer 38

help with afterload

Question 39

Nitrates

Answer 39

vasodilate, good for patients who’ve had a heart attack, dilate coronary arteries.

Question 40

HF treatment

Answer 40

surgery, meds, life style changes, PATIENT EDUCATION

Question 41

How to manage peripheral edema?

Answer 41

diet-no salt TED hose Propping up legs Avoid being on feet a lot

Question 42

Managing activity intolerance

Answer 42

``` Balance activity and rest. Nap to restore energy. Recognize energy limitations. Conserve energy. Adapt lifestyle to energy level. Report adequate endurance for activity ```

Question 43

Managing Pulmonary Edema

Answer 43

Assess for early signs, such as crackles in the lung bases, dyspnea at rest(late sign), disorientation, and confusion. High-Fowler’s Oxygen therapy Nitroglycerine, rapid-acting diuretics, IV morphine sulfate Continual assessment

Question 44

Kidneys

Answer 44

second to brain in perfusion monitor BUN and creatinine lasix wont work

Question 45

infective endocarditis

Answer 45

Microbial infection involving the endocardium occur in people who abuse iv drugs, have had valve replacements, structural defects possible ports of entry- oral, skin rash, lesion, abscess, surgery

Question 46

infective endocarditis manifestations

Answer 46

``` Murmur Heart failure Arterial embolization Splenic infarction Petechiae (pinpoint red spots) Splinter hemorrhages ```

Question 47

infective endocarditis diagnostic

Answer 47

echo TEE with biopsy

Question 48

Anticoagulants

Answer 48

prevents thrombus not an embolus

Question 49

pericarditis

Answer 49

Inflammation or alteration of the pericardium, the membranous sac that encloses the heart

Question 50

pericarditis

Answer 50

Inflammation or alteration of the pericardium, the membranous sac that encloses the heart looking for pericardial friction rub!!!! manage pain with narcotics and anti-inflammitory

Question 51

cardiac tamponade

Answer 51

extreme emergency increase fluid volume hemodynamic monitoring pericardiocentesis: needle into the pericardium