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NUR372 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Benign Tumor Characteristics

A 
Specific Morphology
A Smaller Nuclear-to-Cytoplasmic Ratio
Specific Differentiated Functions
Tight Adherence
No Migration
Orderly Growth
Normal Chromosomes
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2
Q

Malignant Tumor Characteristics

A 
Anaplasia
A Larger Nuclear-to-Cytoplasmic Ratio
No Specific Functions
Loose Adherence
Migration
Contact Inhibition Does Not Occur: keeps growing, divides and divides
Rapid or Continuous Cell Division
Abnormal Chromosomes (Aneuploidy)

cells don’t have a distinct function

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3
Q

Cancer prevention

A 
Balanced diet
Limited intake of alcohol
Exercise
Avoid carcinogens
Sleep
Stress
Screenings
Vaccination
Removal of "At risk" tissue
Chemoprevention
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4
Q

Balanced diet

A

Include fresh fruits and vegetables, adequate fiber and whole grains

Decrease fats and preservatives

Avoid smoked and salt-cured foods

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5
Q

Exercise

A

30 minutes of moderate exercise 5 days a week

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6
Q

Avoid carcinogens

A

Direct sun exposure, smoking, etc.

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7
Q

Sleep

A

At least 6-8 hours per night

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8
Q

Stress

A

Stress decreased or change perception

Improve ability to cope with stress

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9
Q

Number one cause of cancer

A

tobacco

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10
Q

Second cause of cancer

A

obesity

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11
Q

Breast screenings Women 18 to 39

A

Clinical breast exam (CBE)

Annually

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12
Q

Breast screenings Women 40 and older

A

Mammogram and Clinical breast exam

annually

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13
Q

Cervical screenings women 21 to 64

A

Pap test- every three years

Pelvic exam- annually

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14
Q

Cervical screenings women 30 to 64

A

Pap test
Pelvic exam
HPV Test

every 5 years

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15
Q

Colon screenings men and women 50 and older

A

Colonoscopy

every 10 years

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16
Q

Prostate

A

Prostate-Specific Antigen
Test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam

talk to doctor to determine if recommended

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17
Q

Warning signs of cancer

A

remember pneumonic CAUTION

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18
Q

C

A

Changes in bowel or bladder habits.

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19
Q

A

A

A sore that does not heal.

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20
Q

U

A

Unusual bleeding or discharge.

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21
Q

T

A

Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere.

22
Q

I

A

Indigestion or difficulty swallowing.

23
Q

O

A

Obvious change in a wart or mole

24
Q

N

A

Nagging cough or hoarseness

25
Q

Prophylaxis

A

do not have a diagnosis of cancer, but high risk of getting cancer (i.e. mastectomy)

26
Q

Diagnostic (biopsy)

A

To diagnose presence of benign or malignant tumor

27
Q

Cure

A

Some cancers are cured by simply removing the cancer

28
Q

Cytoreductive

A

To reduce the size of the tumor

29
Q

Palliative

A

To reduce the effect the tumor is having on the body to increase quality of life

30
Q

Exploratory

A

Not sure what and where cancer is and allows health care providers to know where the cancer is.

31
Q

Reconstructive

A

reconstruct an area that has been affected by cancer or cancer removal

32
Q

Second-look

A

repeat exam

33
Q

Nursing priorities after surgery

A 
Risk of Infection: most important!!
Risk of Bleeding
Patient/Family Education
Acute Pain
Early Mobility
Altered Body Image (depending on surgery)
Rehabilitative Therapy
34
Q

What is the most important nursing priority after surgery?

A

Risk of infection

35
Q

Care of a patient with implanted radiation

A

Assign patient to private room and bath
Keep door closed as much as possible
Wear a dosimeter film badge
Wear a lead apron when taking care of patient (do NOT turn your back)
Do not perform direct care if attempting to conceive or pregnant
Do not allow pregnant women or children under 16 visit
Limit visitation to 30 minutes per day
Never touch radioactive source with bare hands
Save all dressings and bed linens in the patient’s room until after source is removed.
Use designated disposal equipment for linens and waste

36
Q

Side effects of Chemotherapy

A 
Bone Marrow Suppression
Pantocytopenia
Nausea and Vomitting
Alopecia
Stomatitis/mucositis
changes in cognitive function
peripheral neuropathy
37
Q

Sepsis and DIC

A 
extensive bleeding
clots can cause:
pain
CVA
dyspnea
tachycardia
reduced kidney function
bowel necrosis
life threatening 
high probability of death
38
Q

Interventions for DIC caused by sepsis

A

Prevention:
Prophylactic Antibiotics
Neutropenic Precautions
Handwashing

In Early Phase, Anticoagulants (Heparin) given

Later Phase, Clotting Factors Given

Blood Transfusions

39
Q

Spinal Cord Compression

A

Tumor directly enters the spinal cord

Vertebrae collapse from tumor degradation of bone

40
Q

Spinal Cord Compression S/S

A 
Back Pain
Nerve Deficits 
Paralysis
incontinence
constipation
difficulty urinating
41
Q

nerve deficits include

A 
Muscle Weakness 
Heaviness in Arms or Legs
Numbness or Tingling in the Hands or Feet
Inability to Distinguish Hot and Cold
Unsteady Gait
42
Q

interventions for spinal cord compression

A

High-dose Cortico-steriods
High-dose radiation
Surgery
External Back of Neck Braces

43
Q

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

A

Compression or Obstruction of Superior Vena Cava and Leads to Congestion of Blood

Most common with lymphomas, thymoma, lung, and breast cancer

44
Q

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome S/S

A 
Edema of face (especially around the eyes)
Tightness of Shirt or Blouse
Pain
Engorged Blood Vessels
Erythema of the Upper Body
Edema in Arms and Hands
Dyspnea
Epistaxis
45
Q

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome late minifestation

A 
Hemorrhage
Cyanosis
Mental Status Changes
Decreased Cardiac Output
Hypotension
46
Q

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome treatment

A

High-dose Radiation to Upper Chest
Chemotherapy
Stent Placement

47
Q

what will result is pressure is not relieved in the superior vena cava?

A

death

48
Q

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)

A

Large number of tumor cells are destroyed rapidly.

These dying cells release high doses of potassium and purines faster than the body can eliminate them.

Severe or untreated TLS can cause tissue damage, acute kidney injury (AKI), or death.

49
Q

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) S/S

A

Hyperkalemia: cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperuricemia: block kidney tubules and cause AKI
Hyperphosphatemia: fatigue, nausea and vomiting

50
Q

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) treatment

A 
Hydration
Antiemetic Regimen
Osmotic Diuretics
Drugs promote purine excretion 
Allopurinol
51
Q

Treatment for severe hyperkalemia

A

Glucose and Insulin given IV

Dialysis

NUR372 (13 decks)

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