Cancer

Question 1

Benign Tumor Characteristics

Answer 1

Specific Morphology
A Smaller Nuclear-to-Cytoplasmic Ratio
Specific Differentiated Functions
Tight Adherence
No Migration
Orderly Growth
Normal Chromosomes

Question 2

Malignant Tumor Characteristics

Answer 2

Anaplasia
A Larger Nuclear-to-Cytoplasmic Ratio
No Specific Functions
Loose Adherence
Migration
Contact Inhibition Does Not Occur: keeps growing, divides and divides
Rapid or Continuous Cell Division
Abnormal Chromosomes (Aneuploidy)

cells don’t have a distinct function

Question 3

Cancer prevention

Answer 3

Balanced diet
Limited intake of alcohol
Exercise
Avoid carcinogens
Sleep
Stress
Screenings
Vaccination
Removal of "At risk" tissue
Chemoprevention

Question 4

Balanced diet

Answer 4

Include fresh fruits and vegetables, adequate fiber and whole grains

Decrease fats and preservatives

Avoid smoked and salt-cured foods

Question 5

Exercise

Answer 5

30 minutes of moderate exercise 5 days a week

Question 6

Avoid carcinogens

Answer 6

Direct sun exposure, smoking, etc.

Question 7

Sleep

Answer 7

At least 6-8 hours per night

Question 8

Stress

Answer 8

Stress decreased or change perception

Improve ability to cope with stress

Question 9

Number one cause of cancer

Answer 9

tobacco

Question 10

Second cause of cancer

Answer 10

obesity

Question 11

Breast screenings Women 18 to 39

Answer 11

Clinical breast exam (CBE)

Annually

Question 12

Breast screenings Women 40 and older

Answer 12

Mammogram and Clinical breast exam

annually

Question 13

Cervical screenings women 21 to 64

Answer 13

Pap test- every three years

Pelvic exam- annually

Question 14

Cervical screenings women 30 to 64

Answer 14

Pap test
Pelvic exam
HPV Test

every 5 years

Question 15

Colon screenings men and women 50 and older

Answer 15

Colonoscopy

every 10 years

Question 16

Prostate

Answer 16

Prostate-Specific Antigen
Test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam

talk to doctor to determine if recommended

Question 17

Warning signs of cancer

Answer 17

remember pneumonic CAUTION

Question 18

C

Answer 18

Changes in bowel or bladder habits.

Question 19

A

Answer 19

A sore that does not heal.

Question 20

U

Answer 20

Unusual bleeding or discharge.

Question 21

T

Answer 21

Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere.

Question 22

I

Answer 22

Indigestion or difficulty swallowing.

Question 23

O

Answer 23

Obvious change in a wart or mole

Question 24

N

Answer 24

Nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 25

Prophylaxis

Answer 25

do not have a diagnosis of cancer, but high risk of getting cancer (i.e. mastectomy)

Question 26

Diagnostic (biopsy)

Answer 26

To diagnose presence of benign or malignant tumor

Question 27

Cure

Answer 27

Some cancers are cured by simply removing the cancer

Question 28

Cytoreductive

Answer 28

To reduce the size of the tumor

Question 29

Palliative

Answer 29

To reduce the effect the tumor is having on the body to increase quality of life

Question 30

Exploratory

Answer 30

Not sure what and where cancer is and allows health care providers to know where the cancer is.

Question 31

Reconstructive

Answer 31

reconstruct an area that has been affected by cancer or cancer removal

Question 32

Second-look

Answer 32

repeat exam

Question 33

Nursing priorities after surgery

Answer 33

``` Risk of Infection: most important!! Risk of Bleeding Patient/Family Education Acute Pain Early Mobility Altered Body Image (depending on surgery) Rehabilitative Therapy ```

Question 34

What is the most important nursing priority after surgery?

Answer 34

Risk of infection

Question 35

Care of a patient with implanted radiation

Answer 35

Assign patient to private room and bath Keep door closed as much as possible Wear a dosimeter film badge Wear a lead apron when taking care of patient (do NOT turn your back) Do not perform direct care if attempting to conceive or pregnant Do not allow pregnant women or children under 16 visit Limit visitation to 30 minutes per day Never touch radioactive source with bare hands Save all dressings and bed linens in the patient’s room until after source is removed. Use designated disposal equipment for linens and waste

Question 36

Side effects of Chemotherapy

Answer 36

``` Bone Marrow Suppression Pantocytopenia Nausea and Vomitting Alopecia Stomatitis/mucositis changes in cognitive function peripheral neuropathy ```

Question 37

Sepsis and DIC

Answer 37

``` extensive bleeding clots can cause: pain CVA dyspnea tachycardia reduced kidney function bowel necrosis life threatening high probability of death ```

Question 38

Interventions for DIC caused by sepsis

Answer 38

Prevention: Prophylactic Antibiotics Neutropenic Precautions Handwashing In Early Phase, Anticoagulants (Heparin) given Later Phase, Clotting Factors Given Blood Transfusions

Question 39

Spinal Cord Compression

Answer 39

Tumor directly enters the spinal cord | Vertebrae collapse from tumor degradation of bone

Question 40

Spinal Cord Compression S/S

Answer 40

``` Back Pain Nerve Deficits Paralysis incontinence constipation difficulty urinating ```

Question 41

nerve deficits include

Answer 41

``` Muscle Weakness Heaviness in Arms or Legs Numbness or Tingling in the Hands or Feet Inability to Distinguish Hot and Cold Unsteady Gait ```

Question 42

interventions for spinal cord compression

Answer 42

High-dose Cortico-steriods High-dose radiation Surgery External Back of Neck Braces

Question 43

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Answer 43

Compression or Obstruction of Superior Vena Cava and Leads to Congestion of Blood Most common with lymphomas, thymoma, lung, and breast cancer

Question 44

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome S/S

Answer 44

``` Edema of face (especially around the eyes) Tightness of Shirt or Blouse Pain Engorged Blood Vessels Erythema of the Upper Body Edema in Arms and Hands Dyspnea Epistaxis ```

Question 45

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome late minifestation

Answer 45

``` Hemorrhage Cyanosis Mental Status Changes Decreased Cardiac Output Hypotension ```

Question 46

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome treatment

Answer 46

High-dose Radiation to Upper Chest Chemotherapy Stent Placement

Question 47

what will result is pressure is not relieved in the superior vena cava?

Answer 47

death

Question 48

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)

Answer 48

Large number of tumor cells are destroyed rapidly. These dying cells release high doses of potassium and purines faster than the body can eliminate them. Severe or untreated TLS can cause tissue damage, acute kidney injury (AKI), or death.

Question 49

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) S/S

Answer 49

Hyperkalemia: cardiac dysrhythmias Hyperuricemia: block kidney tubules and cause AKI Hyperphosphatemia: fatigue, nausea and vomiting

Question 50

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) treatment

Answer 50

``` Hydration Antiemetic Regimen Osmotic Diuretics Drugs promote purine excretion Allopurinol ```

Question 51

Treatment for severe hyperkalemia

Answer 51

Glucose and Insulin given IV | Dialysis