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NUR372 > Cardio2 > Flashcards

Cardio2 Flashcards

1
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

thickening or hardening of the arterial wall often associated with aging

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2
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

type of arteriosclerosis involving the formation of plaque within the arterial wall

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3
Q

Factors related to atherosclerosis

A

obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, and stress.

biggest one is GENETICS

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4
Q

Total Cholesterol

A

> 200 high

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5
Q

LDL: bad

A

160 or higher

high

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6
Q

optimal HDL level

good

A

greater than 60

at least above 40

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7
Q

adequate triglycerides range

A

less than 150

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8
Q

smoking

A

changes the inside of the artery walls and plaques easier

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9
Q

hypertension is considered

A

> 130/>80

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10
Q

prehypertension

A

120-129/ <80

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11
Q

normal blood pressure

A

<120/<80

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12
Q

Essential Hypertension Risks

A 
Age >60 years
Family history of hypertension
Excessive calorie consumption
Physical inactivity
Excessive alcohol intake
Hyperlipidemia: high cholesterol
African-American ethnicity
High intake of salt or caffeine
Obesity
Smoking
Stress
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13
Q

secondary hypertension

A

renal disease: fluid overload
primary aldosteronsim: fluid retention
Cushing’s syndrome: fluid retention

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14
Q

interventions for hypertension

A 
Sodium restriction
Weight reduction
Moderation of alcohol intake
Exercise
Relaxation techniques
Tobacco and caffeine avoidance
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15
Q

how diuretics reduce blood pressure

A

increases fluid output, lowering fluids throughout blood vessels

potassium wasting

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16
Q

how calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure

A

Lowers conduction, therefore arteries do not thicken/hypertrophy.

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17
Q

beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel

A

works directly on the vessel to vasodilate

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18
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

do not drop heart rate

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19
Q

beta blockers, calcium channel blockers patient teaching

A

teach to check heart rate, don’t let drop below 60

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20
Q

beta blockers

A

end in lol

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21
Q

these drugs end in “pril”

A

ACE inhibitors

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22
Q

hydrochlorothiazide

A

diuretic
potassium wasting
consume foods with potassium

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23
Q

Whats the number one cause of heart failure?

A

Uncontrolled hypertension

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24
Q

Peripheral Arterial Disease

A

Disorders that alter the natural flow of blood through the arteries and veins of the peripheral circulation

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25
Q

physical assessment of peripheral arterial disease

A

Pain that occurs even while at rest; numbness and burning

Hair loss and dry, scaly, pale or mottled skin and thickened toenails

Severe arterial disease—extremity is cold and gray-blue or darkened; pallor may occur with extremity elevation; dependent rubor; and/or muscle atrophy

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26
Q

nonsurgical management for peripheral arterial disease

A 
Exercise
Positioning
Promoting vasodilation
Drug therapy
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
Atherectomy
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27
Q

surgical management for peripheral arterial disease

A

Aortoiliac and aortofemoral bypass surgery

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28
Q

Why should high intensity exercise NOT be done by a patient with PAD?

A

Because of supply and demand of blood flow.

Patient should do low intensity exercise; enough to get the blood flowing.

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29
Q

What does a warm blanket do for someone with PAD?

A

Vasodilation

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30
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

A balloon enters the leg, and pushes plaque against the walls.

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31
Q

Atherectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery

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32
Q

Aneurysm

A

a permanent localized dilation of an artery, enlarging the artery to twice its normal diameter

weakening of the arterial wall and a bulging occurs, one of the walls has to be intact, prerupture

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33
Q

Dissecting aneurysm (aortic dissection)

A

a split or tear of the arterial wall

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34
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

triple A

A

When the large blood vessel (aorta) that supplies blood to the abdomen, pelvis, and legs becomes abnormally large or balloons outward.

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35
Q

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

A

widening or bulging of the upper portion of the aorta that may occur in the descending thoracic aorta, the ascending aorta, or the aortic arch.

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36
Q

saccular aneurysm

A

Bulge on side of the artery

37
Q

fusiform aneurysm

A

dilation of the entire circumference of the artery

38
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
(AAA)
assessment:

A

Gnawing pain

Felt in the abs, flank, or back

Pulsatile

do not palpate, can cause to rupture and it is life threatening

39
Q

diagnostic AAA assessment

A

x-ray(eggshell appearance), CT (gold standard), aortic arteriography, ultrasound

40
Q

Aneurysms of the Peripheral Arteries

A

femoral and popliteal
S/S- limb ischemia, diminished or absent pulses, cool to cold skin, and pain
treatment- surgery
post op- monitor for pain

CHECK NEUROSENSORY ASSESSMENT

41
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

may be caused by a sudden tear in the aortic intima, opening the way for blood to enter the aortic wall

pain described as tearing, ripping, and stabbing

42
Q

goals of emergency care for aortic dissection

A

eliminate pain

reduce blood pressure(control bp to PREVENT)

decrease in the velocity of left ventricular ejection

43
Q

Thromboangiitis obliterans

Buerger’s Disease

A

relatively uncommon occlusive disease limited to the medium and small arteries and veins

fingers and toes randomly have a vasospasm, death of tissue can occur

44
Q

How is raynaud’s disease different from Buerger Disease.

A

Buerger’s has larger arteries and veins that are affected.

45
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

Vasospasm of arterioles and arteries in extremities.

46
Q

Why should you avoid the cold if you have Raynaud’s?

A

Causes intense constriction, which is bound to cause vasospasms.

restrict cold exposure PATIENT TEACHING

47
Q

Thrombus

A

a blood clot

48
Q

DVT

deep vein thrombosis

A

formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most commonly in the legs or thighs

immobility will cause this, potential to break off and go to the lungs

49
Q

treatment for DVT

A

bedrest and anticoagulants

50
Q

How do anticoagulants treat DVT?

A

It PREVENTS GROWTH

IT. DOES. NOT. BREAK. IT. DOWN.

51
Q

prevent DVT

A

SCD’s, TED’s

52
Q

When a DVT forms

A

no scd, no ted, no walking

we don’t want to dislodge it

53
Q

DVT S/S

A

calf pain
sudden onset
localized edema
ultrasound

54
Q

what med do we use to prevent DVT?

A

Blood thinners, anticoagulants

55
Q

Intra-Vena cava Filter (IVC)

A

right side of the heart to filter out clots

post DVT, prevents a pulmonary embolism

56
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Distended, protruding veins that appear darkened and tortuous

occur in people who stand on their feet a lot

57
Q

Phlebitis

A

inflammation of the veins

common from IV interventions in a hospital
manage with warm, moist soaks and elastic stockings if swelling involved

58
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

Most serious disease of Atherosclerosis

59
Q

ischemia

A

insufficient oxygen supply to meet the requirements of the myocardium

60
Q

infarction

A

necrosis or cell death that occurs when severe ischemia is prolonged and decreased perfusion causes irreversible damage to tissue

61
Q

Stable vs Unstable Ischemia

A

Stable is reversible

Unstable is irreversible

62
Q

Angina

A

chest pain

63
Q

Acute Coronary Syndromes

A

unstable angina, infarction

64
Q

Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris

A

Temporary imbalance between coronary artery’s ability to supply oxygen and cardiac muscle’s demand for oxygen

Ischemia limited in duration and does not cause permanent damage to myocardial tissue

65
Q

What does chronic stable angina pectoris feel like?

A

Strangling of the chest

66
Q

What segment is a traditional manifestation of an infarction?

A

ST elevation MI

67
Q

ST depression is a traditional sign of what

A

ischemia

68
Q

ST elevation or depression

which is worse?

A

ST elevation

69
Q

How does STEMI
(ST elevated MI)

compare to a normal heartbeat.

A

The S wave sits just below the R

70
Q

How does ST depression compare to a normal heartbeat?

A

The S wave sits way below the T.

71
Q

The most serious acute coronary syndrome

A

Myocardial Infarction

72
Q

myocardial infarction

A

myocardial tissue is abruptly and severely deprived of oxygen

occlusion of blood flow, necrosis, hypoxia

73
Q

diagnosis of diabetes + high cholesterol increases your risk for developing what

A

heart attack

74
Q

Labs to look at for MI (5):

A

Troponin

CK-MB

Myoglobin

MRI

12-lead EKG

75
Q

Most common lab for MI:

A

Troponin

76
Q

During lab tests for MI, what must you do to get an accurate diagnosis regarding lab data:

A

Multiple Sets of multiple lab assessments,

OVER 6 HOURS, must be done.

DO NOT SEND THEM HOME

77
Q

interventions for angina

A

Provide pain-relief modalities, drug therapy.
Decrease myocardial oxygen demand.
Increase myocardial oxygen supply.

78
Q

Diabetes may not have the same chest pain that non-diabetes do

A

neuropathy may mess this up

cannot perceive pain bc of the neuropathy

79
Q

What does MONA mean?

A

Morphine
oxygen
nitroglycerine
aspirin

80
Q

Order for MONA

A

Oxygen

Aspirin(anti-clot)

Nitroglycerin (vasodilates)

Morphine(pain, anxiety, helps with oxygenation)

81
Q

goal of mona

A

prevent lack of oxygen and reinstate perfusion

82
Q

fibrinolytics

A

dissolve thrombi in the coronary arteries and restore myocardial blood flow.

83
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

intracoronary stent

following must flush with fluid cause it is nephrotoxic

84
Q

This cardiac catheterization works like a spring.

A

Intracoronary Stent.

85
Q

The leading cause of death in patients with MI before hospitalization

A

Dysrhythmias

86
Q

cardiogenic shock signs

A

Necrosis of >40% of left ventricle.

Hypotension

Oliguria

Cold

Both Tachys

87
Q

PTCA

A

Clopidogrel (Plavix) before the procedure
IV heparin after the procedure
IV or intracoronary nitroglycerine or diltiazem
Long-term therapy, antiplatelet therapy, beta blocker, ACE inhibitor or ARB

88
Q

CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)

A

Open heart surgery involving arterial bypass using a transplanted vein.

to risky for a stint or angioplasty

NUR372 (13 decks)

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