HEART SOUNDS

Question 1

The cardiac cycle produces four distinct sounds. The first two, “______” and “______”, are ______ in pitch and more easily audible. In contrast, the third and fourth sounds are ______ in pitch and often softer. If the doctor detects these latter sounds, it could suggest the possible issue with heart function.

Answer 1

lub, dub, higher, lower

Question 2

Heart sounds are generated by the flow of blood through the heart chambers as the cardiac valves open and close during the cardiac cycle. The “lub” and “dub” sounds, correspond to the closing of the ______ and ______ valves, respectively. These sounds arise from the vibrations of heart structures caused by blood flow, with increased turbulence leading to more pronounced vibrations. The turbulence is influenced by factors such as fluid ______, ______, ______, and the ______ of the vessels through which the blood travels.

Answer 2

atrioventricular, semilunar, viscosity, density, velocity, diameter

Question 3

The ______ valve, positioned between the right atrium and right ventricle, has three flaps and prevents backflow into the right atrium.

Answer 3

tricuspid

Question 4

The ______ valve, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, controls blood flow into the lungs.

Answer 4

pulmonary

Question 5

The ______ valve, with two flaps, lies between the left atrium and left ventricle, preventing backflow into the left atrium.

Answer 5

mitral

Question 6

The ______ valve, situated between the left ventricle and the aorta, ensures that blood flows into the systemic circulation without returning to the heart.

Answer 6

aortic

Question 7

______ occurs when the heart beats faster than normal, exceeding ______ bpm while at rest.

Answer 7

Tachycardia, 100

Question 8

______ is a condition in which the heart beats slower than usual, with a rate of less than ______ bpm.

Answer 8

Bradycardia, 60

Question 9

A ______ is characterized by a blowing, whooshing, or rasping noise heard during a heartbeat. This sound is the result of turbulent blood flow through the heart valves or in the vicinity of the heart. The occurrence of this is largely influenced by its underlying cause and is not always linked to a pathological condition. ______ are frequently observed in children and during pregnancy.

Answer 9

heart murmur, Benign murmurs

Question 10

An incompetent aortic valve causes a ______, often described as a soft, blowing sound. This occurs due to the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. In addition to the murmur, patients with aortic regurgitation may also experience an ______, a low-pitched sound that indicates rapid ventricular filling. In some cases, a functional mitral stenosis can develop, leading to an ______.

Answer 10

diastolic murmur, S3 gallop, Austin Flint murmur

Question 11

______ narrows the mitral valve, making it harder for the heart to pump blood. This increased pressure in the left atrium can cause a ______ opening snap after the heart’s second sound. Additionally, the turbulent blood flow across the narrowed valve creates a ______ diastolic murmur between heartbeats.

Answer 11

Mitral valve stenosis, high-pitched, low-pitched

Question 12

The production of heart sounds involves the following:

Answer 12

1. valvular
2. muscular or ventricular vibration
3. turbulent blood flow within the heart chambers