CHEST MEASUREMENT DURING RESPIRATION

Question 1

______, also knows as ______, is the measurable movement of the chest wall during the process of breathing. This expansion and contraction, occurring during ______ and ______ respectively, is essential for facilitating the efficient exchange of ______ and ______ between the lungs and the environment. In healthy individuals, the chest wall expands ______, indicating optimal lung function and respiratory health.

Answer 1

Chest expansion, thoracic expansion, inspiration, expiration, oxygen, carbon dioxide, symmetrically

Question 2

The chest is at its maximum expansion during the ______ of respiration. This occurs as the diaphragm ______ and moves ______, while the intercostal muscles ______ and lift the rib cage ______. These actions enlarge the ______ and reduce ______, causing air to enter the lungs.

Answer 2

inspiration phase, contracts, downward, contract, upward, thoracic cavity, internal pressure

Question 3

The chest is at its minimum expansion during the ______ of respiration.

Answer 3

expiration phase

Question 4

Expiration involves the ______ of the diaphragm and the elastic ______ of tissue, which decreases the ______ and increases the ______ within the alveoli. This pressure differential forces air out of the lungs, effectively reducing the expansion of the chest cavity.

Answer 4

relaxation, recoil, thoracic volume, pressure

Question 5

The lungs and the chest wall are ______ structures, and normally the speed between the lungs and the chest wall contains no more than a thin layer of ______.

Answer 5

elastic, fluid

Question 6

Respiratory movements are caused by the ______ of the respiratory muscles and the ______ of the ______ of bony structures and the lungs.

Answer 6

active contraction, passive effect, elasticity

Question 7

Both these factors are essential for respiration:

Answer 7

1. active contraction of the respiratory muscles
2. passive effect of the elasticity of bony structures and the lungs

Question 8

In dealing with the thorax, 3 structures are to be taken into consideration:

Answer 8

1. The bony structures of the thorax
2. The respiratory muscles
3. The thoracic contents

Question 9

In dealing with the thorax, 3 structures are to be taken into consideration:

The bony structures of the thorax - made up of the ______, the ______, and the ______.

Answer 9

thoracic vertebrae, ribs with their cartilages, sternum

Question 10

In dealing with the thorax, 3 structures are to be taken into consideration:

The bony structures of the thorax
Due to the anatomical arrangement of the ribs, they tend to have only one movement—that of ______ around the ______ that unites the ______ of both ______. The sternum moves with the ______, and due to the greater mobility of the ______, it is projected ______ and ______ during inspiration. The thoracic vertebrae, for all practical purposes can be considered as a ______ structure.

Answer 10

rotation, axis, functional centers, costo-vertebral joints, ribs, middle ribs, upward, forward, rigid

Question 11

In dealing with the thorax, 3 structures are to be taken into consideration:

The respiratory muscles - made up of ______ and ______ muscles, the former functioning during ______, and the latter during ______. Contraction of the respiratory muscles causes ______ of the ______.

Answer 11

principal, accessory, normal inspiration, forced inspiration, active movement, ribs

Question 12

In dealing with the thorax, 3 structures are to be taken into consideration:

The thoracic contents - made up of the ______ and other ______ (______, ______, etc.) which are subject to passive changes caused by the ______ and ______ of the thoracic wall.

Answer 12

lungs, thoracic viscera, heart, blood vessels, expansion, retraction

Question 13

The lungs are stretched when they are ______ at ______, and at the end of the ______ their tendency to recoil from the chest wall is just balanced by the tendency of the chest wall to recoil in the ______ direction.

Answer 13

expanded, birth, quiet expiration, opposite

Question 14

This elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall can be measured by measuring the ______ produced in the ______ during ______ and ______. The ______ is the stretchability or compliance of the lungs and chest wall.

Answer 14

pressures, airway, inspiration, expiration, change in lung volume per unit change in airway pressure (VP)

Question 15

Therefore, ______ or ______ of the lungs and chest wall is of paramount importance for proper pulmonary ventilation.

Answer 15

stretchability, compliance

Question 16

Low compliance may be seen in cases of ______, ______ and ______.

Answer 16

emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary congestion