FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RESPIRATORY CENTER

Question 1

The respiratory center, housed in the ______, is stimulated primarily by chemical changes in the ______, such as ______ (hypercapnia) and ______ (hypoxemia). These changes are detected by ______ located in the ______ and ______, respectively, triggering signals to the respiratory center to increase breathing ______ and ______.

Answer 1

brainstem, blood, increased carbon dioxide levels, decreased oxygen levels, chemoreceptors, medulla oblongata, carotid/aortic bodies, rate, depth

Question 2

Neural signals from ______ in the lungs, ______ in muscles and joints, and the ______ can also influence the respiratory center. The ______, located in the ______, further modulates breathing patterns by controlling the duration of inspiration and expiration. These complex interactions ensure adequate ______ intake and ______ removal, maintaining proper gas exchange in the body.

Answer 2

mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, cerebral cortex, pontine respiratory group, pons, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Question 3

______ - A temporary cessation of breathing. This can be voluntary, as when ______ one’s breath, or involuntary, as in cases of ______ or ______.

Answer 3

Apnea, holding, sleep apnea, drug-induced respiratory depression

Question 4

______ - Refers to an absence or near-complete lack of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Answer 4

Acapnea/Acapnia

Question 5

______ - An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood. This can occur due to inadequate ______, such as in cases of lung disease or sleep apnea.

Answer 5

Hypercapnea/Hypercapnia, ventilation

Question 6

______ - A deficiency of oxygen in the blood. This can be caused by various factors, including respiratory problems, heart conditions, or high altitudes.

Answer 6

Anoxemia

Question 7

______ - A condition where the blood becomes too alkaline (basic). This can be caused by a loss of ______ from the body, such as vomiting or excessive breathing.

Answer 7

Alkalosis, acids

Question 8

______ - A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. It is often a sign of ______ (low oxygen levels) and can be caused by various conditions, including heart disease, lung disease, and anemia.

Answer 8

Cyanosis, hypoxia

Question 9

The ______, located in the ______, are groups of neurons that control the rhythm and breathing.

Answer 9

respiratory centers, brainstem

Question 10

The ______ in the medulla oblongata initiates inspiration, setting the basic breathing rhythm, while the ______ aids in forceful breathing and expiration.

Answer 10

dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Question 11

The ______ in the pons limits the duration of inspiration, preventing overinflation of the lungs and the ______ in the lower pons promotes inhalation by stimulating the DRG. These centers work together, receiving input from various sensory receptors, to ensure a smooth and coordinated breathing process, maintaining proper oxygen and CO2 levels in the blood.

Answer 11

pneumotaxic center, apneustic center

Question 12

The respiratory center is influenced by a variety of factors, including ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 12

chemical stimuli, neural stimuli, reflex actions

Question 13

Chemical stimuli include changes in blood ______, ______, and ______, detected by ______.

Answer 13

oxygen levels, CO2 levels, pH, chemoreceptors

Question 14

Neural stimuli include signals from ______ in the ______, ______ in ______ and ______, and the ______.

Answer 14

mechanoreceptors, lungs, proprioreceptors, muscles, joints, cerebral cortex

Question 15

Reflex actions, such as the ______ reflex triggered by ______, can also influence breathing patterns.

Answer 15

Hering-Breuer, lung stretch receptors

Question 16

______, the temporary cessation of breathing, can occur after forced or continuous deep breathing due to a decrease in ______ levels in the blood.

Answer 16

Apnea, CO2

Question 17

When one breathes deeply and rapidly, they exhale more CO2 than they inhale, leading to a condition called ______. This reduced CO2 level decreases the stimulation of the ______ in the ______, which normally receives signals from ______ that sense CO2 levels. With less stimulation, the respiratory center slows down, leading to a period of ______.

Answer 17

hypocapnia, respiratory center, brainstem, chemoreceptors, apnea

Question 18

______, the bluish discoloration of the lips or skin, develops when apnea is continued because of a lack of oxygen in the blood. As the body continues to use oxygen without replenishing it through ______, the oxygen levels in the blood drop. This condition, called ______, causes the blood to become less ______ and more ______. The bluish tint is most noticeable in areas with a high concentration of ______, such as the ______ and ______. This is because the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced, leading to a decrease in oxygen delivery to the tissues.

Answer 18

Cyanosis, breathing, hypoxemia, red, bluish, blood vessels, lips, fingertips

Question 19

Deep breathing with a paper bag allows one to breathe for a ______ time and with greater ______ because it helps restore the balance of ______ in the blood. When one ______, they exhale more CO2 than they inhale, leading to a decrease in CO2 levels. The paper bag traps the exhaled CO2, which is then re-inhaled, increasing the CO2 concentration in the air one breathes. This replenishes the CO2 levels in the blood, allowing for a more normal breathing pattern.

______ is absent following this procedure because the increased CO2 levels in the blood, brought about by re-breathing into the paper bag, stimulate the ______, preventing the cessation of breathing. The re-inhaled CO2 effectively counteracts the ______ caused by ______, restoring the body’s natural breathing rhythm and preventing apnea.

Answer 19

longer, ease, CO2, hyperventilates

Apnea, respiratory center, hypocapnia, hyperventilation