FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RESPIRATORY CENTER Flashcards
The respiratory center, housed in the ______, is stimulated primarily by chemical changes in the ______, such as ______ (hypercapnia) and ______ (hypoxemia). These changes are detected by ______ located in the ______ and ______, respectively, triggering signals to the respiratory center to increase breathing ______ and ______.
brainstem, blood, increased carbon dioxide levels, decreased oxygen levels, chemoreceptors, medulla oblongata, carotid/aortic bodies, rate, depth
Neural signals from ______ in the lungs, ______ in muscles and joints, and the ______ can also influence the respiratory center. The ______, located in the ______, further modulates breathing patterns by controlling the duration of inspiration and expiration. These complex interactions ensure adequate ______ intake and ______ removal, maintaining proper gas exchange in the body.
mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, cerebral cortex, pontine respiratory group, pons, oxygen, carbon dioxide
______ - A temporary cessation of breathing. This can be voluntary, as when ______ one’s breath, or involuntary, as in cases of ______ or ______.
Apnea, holding, sleep apnea, drug-induced respiratory depression
______ - Refers to an absence or near-complete lack of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Acapnea/Acapnia
______ - An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood. This can occur due to inadequate ______, such as in cases of lung disease or sleep apnea.
Hypercapnea/Hypercapnia, ventilation
______ - A deficiency of oxygen in the blood. This can be caused by various factors, including respiratory problems, heart conditions, or high altitudes.
Anoxemia
______ - A condition where the blood becomes too alkaline (basic). This can be caused by a loss of ______ from the body, such as vomiting or excessive breathing.
Alkalosis, acids
______ - A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. It is often a sign of ______ (low oxygen levels) and can be caused by various conditions, including heart disease, lung disease, and anemia.
Cyanosis, hypoxia
The ______, located in the ______, are groups of neurons that control the rhythm and breathing.
respiratory centers, brainstem
The ______ in the medulla oblongata initiates inspiration, setting the basic breathing rhythm, while the ______ aids in forceful breathing and expiration.
dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory group (VRG)
The ______ in the pons limits the duration of inspiration, preventing overinflation of the lungs and the ______ in the lower pons promotes inhalation by stimulating the DRG. These centers work together, receiving input from various sensory receptors, to ensure a smooth and coordinated breathing process, maintaining proper oxygen and CO2 levels in the blood.
pneumotaxic center, apneustic center
The respiratory center is influenced by a variety of factors, including ______, ______, and ______.
chemical stimuli, neural stimuli, reflex actions
Chemical stimuli include changes in blood ______, ______, and ______, detected by ______.
oxygen levels, CO2 levels, pH, chemoreceptors
Neural stimuli include signals from ______ in the ______, ______ in ______ and ______, and the ______.
mechanoreceptors, lungs, proprioreceptors, muscles, joints, cerebral cortex
Reflex actions, such as the ______ reflex triggered by ______, can also influence breathing patterns.
Hering-Breuer, lung stretch receptors
______, the temporary cessation of breathing, can occur after forced or continuous deep breathing due to a decrease in ______ levels in the blood.
Apnea, CO2
When one breathes deeply and rapidly, they exhale more CO2 than they inhale, leading to a condition called ______. This reduced CO2 level decreases the stimulation of the ______ in the ______, which normally receives signals from ______ that sense CO2 levels. With less stimulation, the respiratory center slows down, leading to a period of ______.
hypocapnia, respiratory center, brainstem, chemoreceptors, apnea
______, the bluish discoloration of the lips or skin, develops when apnea is continued because of a lack of oxygen in the blood. As the body continues to use oxygen without replenishing it through ______, the oxygen levels in the blood drop. This condition, called ______, causes the blood to become less ______ and more ______. The bluish tint is most noticeable in areas with a high concentration of ______, such as the ______ and ______. This is because the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced, leading to a decrease in oxygen delivery to the tissues.
Cyanosis, breathing, hypoxemia, red, bluish, blood vessels, lips, fingertips
Deep breathing with a paper bag allows one to breathe for a ______ time and with greater ______ because it helps restore the balance of ______ in the blood. When one ______, they exhale more CO2 than they inhale, leading to a decrease in CO2 levels. The paper bag traps the exhaled CO2, which is then re-inhaled, increasing the CO2 concentration in the air one breathes. This replenishes the CO2 levels in the blood, allowing for a more normal breathing pattern.
______ is absent following this procedure because the increased CO2 levels in the blood, brought about by re-breathing into the paper bag, stimulate the ______, preventing the cessation of breathing. The re-inhaled CO2 effectively counteracts the ______ caused by ______, restoring the body’s natural breathing rhythm and preventing apnea.
longer, ease, CO2, hyperventilates
Apnea, respiratory center, hypocapnia, hyperventilation
