BLOOD TYPING AND CROSS MATCHING

Question 1

______ are substances found on the surface of red blood cells that can cause them to clump together when they come into contact with specific antibodies. These substances are also called ______ and are categorized into different blood types. The two most common blood type systems are the ______ and ______ systems.

Answer 1

Agglutinogens, antigens, ABO, Rh

Question 2

______ are antibodies that cause red blood cells to clump together. This clumping, called ______, occurs when the antibodies coat the surface of the red blood cells and bind to each other. ______ are typically targeted at foreign substances, such as antigens on red blood cells that the body doesn’t produce. This is crucial in blood typing as incompatible blood types can cause severe reactions.

Answer 2

Agglutinins, agglutination, Agglutinins

Question 3

Principles of blood grouping

Basically the tests consist of:

Answer 3

1. Cell grouping
2. Serum testing

Question 4

Principles of blood grouping

Basically the tests consist of:

______ - testing unknown red cells with known anti sera
Example:
Unknown cells + Anti-X serum
Agglutination - ______
No agglutination - ______

Answer 4

Cell grouping
cells are group X
cells are not group X

Question 5

Principles of blood grouping

Basically the tests consist of:

______ - using unknown serum against known red cells
Example:
Unknown serum + X + red cells
Agglutination - ______, ______
No agglutination- ______, ______

Answer 5

Serum testing
incompatible, serum contains anti-X
compatible, serum does not contain anti-X

Question 6

Red cells are ______ if they possess a substance which reacts with a corresponding anti-substance present in the serum. This anti-substance is known as ______, and the cell subs, as the ______.

Answer 6

agglutinated, antibody, antigen

Question 7

In blood typing, the antibody is called ______ and the antigen is called ______.

Answer 7

AGGLUTININ, AGGLUTINOGEN

Question 8

The ______ or ______ determining the four blood groups of the ABO system reside on the surface of the red blood cells and are the result of the expression of three allelic genes: ______, ______, and ______, the latter two being dominant to O.

Answer 8

antigens, agglutinogens, O, A, B

Question 9

The reciprocal ______ or ______ are forming the globulin portion of the serum of plasma.

Answer 9

antibodies, agglutinins

Question 10

The combination of antigen and antibody usually produces some visible effect and in the case of blood typing, this result in ______. Generally, an antibody that is produced against a distinct antigen will react with this antigen and no other.

Answer 10

AGGLUTINATION

Question 11

The combination of antigen and antibody takes place in two stages irrespective of the way in which this combination is manifest:

Stage 1 - actual combination which is ______
Stage 2 - takes place more ______ giving rise to a visible reaction, such as ______ or ______

Answer 11

instantaneous
slowly, agglutination, hemolysis

Question 12

Factors affecting blood grouping reactions:

Answer 12

1. Cell factors
2. Serum factors
3. Reaction factors
4. Personal factors

Question 13

Factors affecting blood grouping reactions:

______ - agglutinability of red cells used

Answer 13

Cell factors

Question 14

Factors affecting blood grouping reactions:

______ - character of serum used

Answer 14

Serum factors

Question 15

Factors affecting blood grouping reactions:

______ - nature of suspending medium and speed of reaction between cells and serum

Answer 15

Reaction factors

Question 16

Factors affecting blood grouping reactions:

______ - skill of the individual

Answer 16

Personal factors

Question 17

Differences between agglutination and Rouleaux formation:

Shape of RBC

Agglutination - ______
Rouleaux formation - ______

Answer 17

destroyed or distorted
preserved

Question 18

Differences between agglutination and Rouleaux formation:

Agitation

Agglutination - ______
Rouleaux formation - ______

Answer 18

cells remain clumped
cells are dispersed

Question 19

The test between a prospective recipient of a blood transfusion and his proposed donor is known as the ______ or ______.

Answer 19

CROSS MATCH, COMPATIBILITY TEST

Question 20

CROSS MATCHING

This test is performed to show any possible incompatibility between the recipient’s serum and the donor’s RBC (______); frequently, the plasma of the donor is also tested against the red cells of the recipient (______).

Answer 20

major cross match, minor cross match

Question 21

The primary purpose of the compatibility test is to prevent a ______, whether it is hemolytic or less severe. Apart from the true hemolytic reaction are those in which there is no visible reaction, but it can be determined that the donor red cells are rapidly eliminated from the patient’s circulation. Thus, another purpose of the compatibility test is to ensure that the patient ______ from the transfusion which he is receiving.

Answer 21

transfusion reaction, benefits

Question 22

The presence of ______ is noted at any point in the procedure is evidence of an incompatibility and should never be dismissed as negative reaction simply because the cells are not clumped. ______ thus becomes the final criterion as the suitability of a particular donor blood for a particular recipient.

Answer 22

hemolysis, Compatibility testing