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Step 1 Review > Heart murmurs > Flashcards

Heart murmurs Flashcards

1
Q

Diastolic murmurs

A

Tricuspid stenosis
Mitral stenosis
Pulmonary regurgitation
Ao regurgitation

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2
Q

Systolic murmurs

A 
Pulmonary stenosis
Ao stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
VSD
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3
Q

Opening snap after S2 that is enhanced with expiration

A

Mitral stenosis/Tricuspid stenosis

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4
Q

Causes of Mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic fever (scarring of leaflets)

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5
Q

Complications of Mitral stenosis

A

Pulmonary HTA
Pulmonary congestion
Atrial fibrillation
Compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve = hoarseness

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6
Q

High pitch blowing early diastolic decrescendo murmur after S2.

A

Ao. regurgitation

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7
Q

Characterized by hyperdynamic pulse, head bobbing, and wide pulse pressure

A

Ao. regurgitation

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8
Q

Causes of Ao. regurgitation

A

Ao. root dilation
Bicuspid Ao. valve
Endocarditis
Rheumatic fever

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9
Q

Complication of Ao. regurgitation

A

Left HF

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10
Q

Causes of Ao. root dilation

A

Syphilis

Marfan Syndrome

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11
Q

What is wide pulse pressure?

A

Normal systole/ high diastole

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12
Q

Continuos machine like murmur that runs through S1 to S2 but loudest at S2.

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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13
Q

Causes of Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Congenital rubella

Prematurity

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14
Q

Best heard at the left infraclavicular region

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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15
Q

Crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur with an ejection click, following S1

A

Ao. stenosis

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16
Q

Most common cause of Ao. stenosis in developed countries

A

Calcific degeneration of trileaflet Ao. valve

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17
Q

Most common cause of Ao. stenosis in developing countries

A

Rheumatic fever

18
Q

Pathophisiology of Rheumatic fever

A

Fusion of valve comisures due to repetitive inflammation.

19
Q

Pulsus parvus et tardus

A

Pulses are weak

20
Q

In what murmur can you find Pulsus parvus et tardus

A

Ao. stenosis

21
Q

Cause in younger patients of Ao. stenosis

A

Early onset calcification of bicuspid Ao. valve

22
Q

Complications of Ao. stenosis

A

Syncope
Angina
Dyspnea on exertion

23
Q

Loudest at heart base and radiates to carotids

A

Ao. stenosis

24
Q

Holosystolic, high pitched “blowing murmur” following S1

A

Mitral/tricuspid regurgitation

25
Q

Causes of Mitral regurgitation

A

Ischemic heart disease
LV dilation
Mitral valve prolapse
Rheumatic fever

26
Q

Causes of tricuspid regurgitation

A

Right ventricular dilation
Rheumatic fever
Endocarditis (IV drug use)

27
Q

Enhanced by increase in afterload (handgrip or squatting)

A

Tric/Mitral regurgitation

28
Q

Murmur increases with inspiration

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

29
Q

Murmur varies with respiration

A

Pulmonary regurgitation

30
Q

Late systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click

A

Mitral valve prolapse = ballooning of mitral valve into left atrium during systole

31
Q

Causes of Mitral valve prolapse

A

Myxomatous degeneration
Rheumatic fever
Chordae rupture

32
Q

What is myxomatous degeneration and causes

A

1ary or 2ary connective tissue disease such as Marfan or Ehlers Syndrome

33
Q

Most frequent valvular lesion

A

Mitral valve prolapse

34
Q

Mitral valve prolapse can predispose to?

A

Infective endocarditis

35
Q

Holosystolic, harsh-sounding murmur.

Loudest at tricuspid area that doesn’t radiate.

A

VSD

36
Q

Crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard in the 2nd to 3rd IC space close to the sternum

A

Ao. stenosis

37
Q

Early diastolic decrescendo murmur best heard along the left sternal border with BP of 160/55

A

Ao. regurgitation

38
Q

Late diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the lower left sternal border

A

Tricuspid stenosis

39
Q

Holosystolic murmur best heard at the apex and often radiates to the left axilla

A

Mitral regurgitation

40
Q

Late systolic murmur usually preceded by a mid-systolic click

A

Mitral valve prolapse

41
Q

Crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the 2nd-3rd left interspace close to the sternum

A

Pulmonary stenosis

42
Q

Rumbling late diastolic murmur with an opening snap, loudest in the 5th interspace in the midclavicular line

A

Mitral stenosis

Step 1 Review (14 decks)

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