Heart Murmurs Flashcards
What is the most common murmur?
Aortic Stenosis
What does S1 represent?
Closure of the AV valves
What does S2 represent?
Closure of the semilunar valves
What is S3 and what causes it?
It is an abnormal heart sound, which can be benign in the young, pregnancy and athletes, but pathological in heart failure
What is S4 and what causes it?
It is a ‘gallop’ sound heard due to and increase in stiffness of the left ventricle, due to scar tissue formation. It is present in left ventricular hypertrophy and aortic stenosis
Which murmur is ejection systolic (crescendo, decrescendo)?
Aortic stenosis
What murmur is pansystolic (uniform intensity)?
Mitral regurgitation
Which murmurs are diastolic?
Mitral stenosis - early diastolic
Aortic regurgitation - mid diastolic
These are much more difficult to hear
Where does aortic stenosis radiate to?
Carotids
Where does mitral regurgitation radiate to?
Axilla
How is aortic regurgitation best heard?
Lean the patient forward - this moves the heart closer to the stethoscope
What is tricuspid regurgitation?
A right sided pansystolic heart murmur, strongly associated with IV drug use
Which murmurs intensify during expiration and which during inspiration?
Left sided murmurs - expiration
Right sided murmurs - inspiration
What is mitral valve disease?
A condition associated with mitral stenosis, orthopnea and PND. Patients often have a history of rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis.
What symptoms are commonly associated with mitral regurgitation?
Atrial fibrillation, dyspnoea on exertion, chest pain, fatigue
