Head and Neck Flashcards
What is acute otitis externa, and how is it managed?
Inflammation of the ear canal causing:
- Otalgia and pruritus (itching)
- Discharge
- Hearing loss
Antibiotics (gentamicin topical drops)
What is otitis media, and how is it managed?
Inflammation of the middle ear causing:
- Otalgia
- Hearing loss
- Fever
Antibiotics
What is a cholesteatoma, what are the complications and how is it managed?
A mass of keratin which grows in a pocket, producing smelly discharge
Hearing loss, facial paralysis, meningitis, intra-cranial abscess
Mastoid surgery
What is glue ear, and how is it managed?
Otitis media with effusion
Treat with grommet if >3months duration and beginning to cause pain and hearing loss
What does a negative rinne test mean?
Bone conduction is better than air conduction - this is abnormal and is caused by conductive hearing loss
What causes conductive hearing loss?
Wax, otosclerosis, otitis media, glue ear
What causes sensorinueral hearing loss?
Genetics, infection, drugs (gentamicin), congenital infection, acquired, presbyacusis
What is presbyacusis?
Loss of acuity for high frequency sounds, starting before 30 years old.
What types of hearing aids can you get for:
a) conductive loss?
b) sensorineural loss?
a) bone conduction hearing aid
b) cochlear implant (direct stimulation of cochlear nerve)
What investigations should be done for hearing loss?
Webers, Rinnes
Otoacoustic emissions, audiometry
Tympanogram (for CHL)
What is tinnitus?
Ringing or buzzing in the ears
What is the definition of vertigo?
An illusion of movement, often rotatory, which worsens with movement
What is the definition of disequilibrium?
Being off balance
What is the definition of pre syncope?
Feeling lightheaded or faint
What are some central and peripheral causes of vertigo?
Central - MS, stroke, migraine
Peripheral - BPPV, Meniere’s, vestibular neuronitis, motion sickness, trauma, ototoxic drugs
What is BPPV?
Vertigo and nausea lasting seconds, associated with head turning.
Caused by debris moving around in the semicircular canal
How is BPPV diagnosed?
Nystagmus on performing the Hallpike manoeuvre (hands on ears and lie patient down)
How can BPPV be managed?
Epley manoeuvre to clear the debris
What is acute labyrinthitis (vestibular neuronitis)?
Temporary infection of the vestibular nerve causing:
- Vertigo lasting days
- Nausea and vomiting
- Balance problems
Sometimes follows a viral URTI