Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of heart failure?

A

Cardiac Muscle Dysfunction; general term describing altered systolic and/or diastolic activity of the myocardium

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2
Q

What is Left-Side Heart Failure; what it leads to?

A

Secondary to Left Ventricular insult:
- Reduction of Cardiac Output and SV
- Leads to a backup of fluid into the Left Atrium and Lungs

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3
Q

What are the two hallmark pulmonary signs of Left-Sided Heart Failure?

A

Shortness of Breath (SOB)

Cough

  • Think of pulmonary complications secondary to increase fluid build-up in the lungs
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4
Q

What is Right-Sided Heart Failure?

A

Secondary to Right Ventricular Insult: Due to conditions that increase Pulmonary Arterial Pressure

  • Increases afterload, increasing demands on the Right Ventricle
  • Blood not effectively ejected from RV, leading to build up into the right atrium and venous vasculature.
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5
Q

What are the two hallmark peripheral signs of Right-Side Heart Failure?

A

Venous Distension

Peripheral Edema

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6
Q

What is Systolic Dysfunction?

A

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

Compromised contractile function of the ventricles causing reductions to:
- Stroke Volume
- Cardiac Output
- Ejection Fraction: (EF less than 40%)

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7
Q

What is the Ejection Fraction for Systolic Dysfunction; HFrEF

A

EF = Less than 40%

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8
Q

What is Diastolic Dysfunction?

A

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)

Compromised diastolic function of the ventricles.
- Ventricles cannot relax and fill properly during diastole

Reduces:
- Stroke Volume
- Cardiac Output

EF remain preserved remaining between 55% and 75%

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9
Q

What is Ejection Fraction for Diastolic Dysfunction; HFpEF?

A

Ejection Fraction = 55%-75%

  • No reduction in ratio due to no change in contractile ability of the ventricles
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10
Q

Patients experience an acute bout of heart failure will most likely to have what type of heart rate at rest?

A

Tachycardia

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11
Q

What is the sequence of events that occurs due to congestion of blood in the left ventricles?

A

Sequence:
- Increases Left Ventricular EDV
- Increases LV pressure
- Increase pressure in LA and pulmonary veins
- Increases Hydrostatic pressure > causing fluid to move into the interstitial space of the lungs
- Leading to Pulmonary Edema

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12
Q

How is heart failure connected to kidney function?

A

Low blood volume pumped from the heart leads to less blood going to the kidneys

  • Kidneys go into renal failure
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13
Q

What lab values are important relating to the kidneys in acute heart failure exacerbation?

A

Monitor:
BUN
Plasma Creatinine Levels

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14
Q

What are the hallmark signs of decompensation, relating to congestion and increased ventricular filling pressures?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Dyspnea
  • Edema (pulmonary and peripheral)
  • Weight Gain (Fluid)
  • S3 Heart sounds; Ventricular Gallop
  • Renal Dysfunction
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15
Q

Is LE pitting edema associated with CHF unilateral or bilateral?

A

Bilateral

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16
Q

What pathological heart sound is associated with CHF?

A

S3; Ventricular Gallop

17
Q

What is Orthopnea?

A

SOB in a recumbent position

18
Q

In patients with CHF assuming a recumbent position and subsequently elevating the legs will cause what?

A

Fluid moves back to the heart increasing preload.

  • A failing heart cannot keep up with the additional load
19
Q

What are some common radiological findings in Heart Failure?

A
  • Enlarged Cardiac Silhouette. Possible pathological hypertrophy of the muscles
  • Opacities (/grey/light/white areas) in the lung fields
  • Blunting of the costophrenic angle
20
Q

What is Ejection Fraction?

A

The amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart in relation to how much was there to begin with.

I.e: SV and EDV

21
Q

What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure?

A

Left Side Heart Failure