Heart disorders Flashcards
Risk factors
High blood cholesterol level high blood pressure cigarette smoking obesity diabetes mellitus genetic predisposition gendder
Hearth falilure
disorder of coronary arteries high blood pressure cardiomyopathy abnormal heart rhythm heart valve disorder
Hypertension
systolic BP > 140 mmHg
diastolic BP > 90 mmHg
90-95% no identifiable cause
can lead to heart failure, kidney disease, CVA
severe damage occurs to heart, brain & kidneys before noticeable symptoms occur
Treatment
lifestyle modification
wieghtloss reduce alcohol intake exercise low salt diet stress management smoking cessation `
treatment drug therapy
diuretics
beta blockers
calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
left ventricular failure
hypertension leads to LV pressure overload
aortic valve stenosis causes pressure overload
mitral valve disease leads to L atrial failure
Muscles in left ventricle have to work harder to exceed blood pressure of aorta and then muscle hypertrophy occurs less volume and damage to aortic valve resulting in a volume overload as blood return to atrium from ventricle to aortic valve
Acute heart failure
Cardiac output fails as ther eis lesscontractile mass to eject blood from the left ventricle
the sympathetic nervous system is activated increasing HR and inducing vasoconstriction in attempt to maintain normal blood pressure and perfusion of vital organs
pressure in the left ventricle increases as it is unable to empty efficiently
this pressure is conducted back to the lungs where it pushesflu idinto the alveoli causing acute SOB and pulmonary odema coughing up sputum
Atherosclerosis
Most common vascular disease Underlying disease process in most CAD causing MI Larger arteries are affected -Abdominal aorta -Common iliacs -Coronary arteries
Coronary artery disease
narrowed arteries with reduced blood flow to myocardium
Leads to damage of myocardium CHD / IHD
Symptoms range from angina pectoris to major myocardial infarction
The symptoms appear when a coronary arteryu is 70 - 75% occluded
CAD
Myocardial ischaemia Imbalance between supply and demand of blood to myocardium Angina MI Arrhythmias
Coronary arteries consequences
left ventricles has highest demand and is most common site of ischaemia
50-70%
Angina
Result of transient ischaemia Pain experienced on exertion or stress causing increased HR / BP Emotion cold large meal Lasts minutes relieved by rest or nitroglycerine (GTN)
Acute Myocardial Infarction
arterial obstruction Death of tissue distal to obstruction acute myocardial ischaemia and death of cardiac muscle muscle is replaced by scar tissue doesn’t regenerate less muscle therefore~weaker pump effects depend on site of infarction Conduction may be disrupted Arrythmias Sudden death
Clinical presentation
sweating SOB nausea chest pain upper abdomen, back neck, jaw and left shoulder pain
Diagnosis
cardiac enzymes
ECG
