heart and neck Flashcards
what is the role of the valves in the heart
stop the backflow of blood into the different cavities
what is S1
( Lub )first heart sound as a result of closure of the AV valves (mitral & tricuspid) .It is heard best in the apex of the heart.
what is S2
(Dub)second heart sound as a result of closure of semilunar valves(aortic & pulmonic).It is heard best in the base of the heart.
what valves are closed in dystole and systole ?
systole - tricuspid and mitral, dystole- pulmonic and aortic
what is S3
extra heart sound at the end that is common in pregnant women, and young adults and children
don’t need to know anything about S4
what is a murmur ?
Blood circulating through normal cardiac chambers and valves usually makes no noise, However, some conditions create turbulent blood flow
- A murmur is a gentle, blowing, swooshing sound that can be heard on chest wall
rheumatic fever
the reason why we treat strepp throat, will damage heart valves, leads to mitral valve prolapse/ regurgitation, stroke volume will be very inefficient, and can lead to pulmonary edema
sign of pulmonary edema
pink/ frothy sputum
what is tricuspid stenosis
stiff valve
what will a replacement valve sound like
there will be a clicking sound
true or false: all dyastolic murmurs are bad
True : all dyastolic murmurs are bad
SA node
sets the tempo to keep everyone organized in the heart
AV node
Relay station of the electrical impulse in the heart
left and right bundle branch
av node sends signals to the bundle branches
purkinje fibers
starts at the av node
it is considered a sinus rhythm
reasons of the SA node going out
often results from old age , which is why we need a pace maker,
uncontrolled hypertension can damage it if SA node goes out, the AV node has to take over will beat at a 40- 60 bpm , considered a junctional rhythm
what is A fib ?
when both the AV and the SA nodes go out
what is ventricualr escape
20- 40 bpm
if you dont habe any volume
you cant have a pulse
if you can see electrial activity, doesnt mean that the heart is ok
what is the P wave
Sa node fires Atrial depolarization; conduction of impulse throughout the atri ( going down throught eh heart, upward curve on chart . Sinus rhythm when you see upright P wave
will a junctional rhytm have a p wave
no there will be no p wave
QRS complex
message gets send to purkinje fibers, widened QRS complex, the transmission is not good( commonly seen in a heart attack ), if it is really wide, will be a ventricular rhythm( wide QRS and no P wave)
dangerous area for heart
from R to T, increase the amount of time that the heart can become disorganized and out of whack
what will show up in a heart attack
elevated S T
what is afterload ?
The dyastolic blood pressure , total peripheral resistance, cardiac output will go down if dyastole is high
what is preload?
venous return that builds during diastole. Length to which ventricular muscle stretched at end of diastole just before contraction
rapid ventricular response
hole in the heart of fetus
a fetus will recieve both deoxygenated and o2 blood due to hole in heart, when baby is born, the hole will eventually close but they will have a murmur. A murmur in a new born is normal. you will here swishing
what is pulse pressure
difference between systolic and dyastolic as we age, pulse pressure increases due to stiffening vessels
do you have a cough, shortness of breath, chest pain
will cover both cardio and lungs
subjective history questions
Nocturia
Cyanosis or pallor
Orthopnea
questions to ask about edema
Onset: When did you first notice this? Any recent change?
What time of day does the swelling occur? Do your shoes feel tight at the end of day?
How much swelling would you say there is? Are both legs equally swollen?
Does swelling go away with rest, elevation, or after a night’s sleep?
Do you have any associated symptoms, such as shortness of breath? If so, does shortness of breath occur before leg swelling or after?
why is alchol a problem ?
because it is a vasoconstricter
cardiac risk factors
alcohol, exercise, drugs, nutrition ( obesity ), smoking
From jugular veins you can assess
central venous pressure (CVP) and judge heart’s efficiency as a pump
Position person supine anywhere from a 30- to a 45-degree angle, wherever you can best see pulsations
All people enjoy taking medications
aortic valve , pulmonary valve, erb( can hear everything at once), tricuspid valve, mitral valve
peripheral arteial disease and venous disease differences (
venous, ache not usually painful, heavienss, venous insufficiency , will cause a. arterial, decrease o2 to feet, will be painful. vericose veins ,
mid systolic click
happens during systole , and is associated with a mitral valve prolapse
spots to listen to for heart sounds ( valves specifically)
Second right intercostal space: aortic valve area
Second left intercostal space: pulmonic valve area
Fourth intercostal space Left sternal border: tricuspid valve area
Fifth interspace at around left midclavicular line: mitral valve area
carotid artery
used to assess pulse and wave form
why do we listen to carotid first before palpating ?
palpating because palpation may increase or slow HR
abnormal findings of the carotid artery
blowing& swishing sound on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow due to narrowed vessel
bounding pulse is a sign of
increased CO
decreased pulse is a sign of
decreased CO
