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Health Assessment > eyes, ears and mouth > Flashcards

eyes, ears and mouth Flashcards

1
Q

pupillary light reflex ?

A

: normal constriction of pupils when bright light shines on retina

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2
Q

what is accommodation ?

A

adaptation of eye for near vision, Accomplished by increasing curvature of lens through movement of ciliary muscles
components include convergence and pupillary constriction

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3
Q

eyes in aging adults?

A

Lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and glasslike, which decreases ability to change shape to accommodate for near vision

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4
Q

glaucoma is

A

increased intraocular pressure; chronic open-angle glaucoma is most common type- this one is painful

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5
Q

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

A

breakdown of cells in macula of retina; loss of central vision

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6
Q

what is diabetic retinopathy

A

Leading cause of blindness in adults ages 25 to 74 years of age

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7
Q

what is the corneal light reflex, what test is performed

A

Assess parallel alignment of eye axes by shining a light toward the person’s eyes
Note reflection of light on corneas; should be in exactly same spot on each eye

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8
Q

what is nystagmus ?

A
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9
Q

what is the arcus senilis ?

A

Blue ring that develops around the eye as we age

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10
Q

What does perrla stand for ?

A

or Pupils Equal, Round, React to Light, and Accommodation.

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11
Q

fight or flight response, what happens to pupil?

A

They will be dilated- seen with coccaine consumption

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12
Q

Pinpoint pupils happens when ?

A

from taking opiods( heroin ext

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13
Q

why is it important to do red reflex ?

A

if they don’t have this reflex, it is an indicator of cancer

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14
Q

what is setting sun with newborns

A

sign common; eyes appear to deviate down with white rim of sclera visible over iris

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15
Q

Blephritis

A

inflammation of the eyelids

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16
Q

chalazion

A

cyst that doesnt cause irritation

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17
Q

Dacryocystitis

A

inflamtion in the tear duct ( lacrimal gland

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18
Q

eunequal pupils we worry about

A

head injury or a bleed in the head

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19
Q

dilated and fixed pupils

A

Mydriasis

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20
Q

horners syndrome

A

droopy eyelids

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21
Q

Pterygium

A

not to worry about unless it effects the pupil

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22
Q

corneal abrasion

A
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23
Q

hyphema

A

blood in anterior chamber in the eye, happens with trauma to the eyeball

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24
Q

hypopyon

A

pus in the anterior chamber of the eye

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25
Q

auditory system is divided into 3 levels :

A

Peripheral, brainstem, and cerebral cortex

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26
Q

At peripheral level, ear transmits sound

A

converts its vibrations into electrical impulses, which can be analyzed by brain.

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27
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear. sticking a cotton ball in ear, earwax. Partial loss because a person is able to hear if sound amplitude is increased enough to reach normal nerve elements in inner ear

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28
Q

Sensorineural (or perceptive) hearing loss:

A

signifies pathology of inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or auditory areas of cerebral cortex
Increase in amplitude may not enable a person to understand words.
May be caused by presbycusis and by ototoxic drugs, which affect hair cells in cochlea.

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29
Q

Mixed hearing loss:

A

combination of conductive and sensorineural types in the same ear

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30
Q

why do children get a lot of ear infections ?

A

Infant’s eustachian tube is relatively shorter and wider and more horizontal than adult’s
easier for pathogens from nasopharynx to migrate through to middle ear

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31
Q

Otosclerosis

A

Common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults between ages of 20 and 40, Gradual hardening that causes footplate of stapes to become fixed in oval window
- Impeding transmission of sound and causing progressive deafness

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32
Q

what happens to ears of aging adults?

A

In aging persons, cilia lining ear canal become coarse and stiff,
May cause cerumen to accumulate and oxidize, which greatly reduces hearing
Cerumen is drier with aging because of atrophy of apocrine glands.
Impacted cerumen is a common but reversible cause of hearing loss in older people

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33
Q

Presbycusis

A

type of hearing loss that occurs with aging, even in people living in quiet environment
Gradual sensorineural loss caused by nerve degeneration in inner ear or auditory nerve
Onset usually occurs in 50s and slowly progresses.

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34
Q

why is the cone light important

A
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35
Q

Paranasal sinuses:

A

air-filled pockets within the cranium
Communicate with nasal cavity and are lined with same type of ciliated mucous membrane
, serve as resonators for sound production, and provide mucus, which drains into nasal cavity

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36
Q

Two pairs of sinuses are accessible to examine

A

Frontal sinuses in frontal bone above and medial to orbital, Maxillary sinuses in maxilla (cheekbone) along side walls of nasal cavity

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37
Q

other set of sinuses

A

Ethmoid sinuses between the orbits
Sphenoid sinuses deep within skull in the sphenoid bone

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38
Q

Bifid uvula

A

A condition in which uvula is split either completely or partially; occurs in 10% of some American Indian groups

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39
Q

Torus palatinus

A

A bony ridge running in middle of hard palate is seen in 20% to 35% of the US population

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40
Q

cranial nerve 6

A

abducens nerve, innervates lateral rectus muscle, which abducts eye

41
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear nerve, innervates superior oblique muscle

42
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor nerve, innervates all the rest: the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and the inferior oblique muscles

43
Q

what is the test used for visual acuiity ?

A

snellen chart

44
Q

testing near vision ?

A

with handheld vision screener with various sizes of print (e.g., a Jaeger card).

45
Q

confrontation test

A

Gross measure of peripheral vision; compares the person’s peripheral vision with yours
- comparing what your patient sees with what you see

46
Q

six cardinal positions of gaze

A

checking cranial nerves 3,4 and 6 Follow movement of penlight or object proceeding clockwise,
checking for : EOM muscle weakness, nystagmus, or lid lag

47
Q

what can the conjunctiva tell us

A

pale could be anemic, look for shiny, moist and glossy. dull and dry not good

48
Q

checking lacrimal apparatus

A

Normally puncta drain tears into lacrimal sac.
Presence of excessive tearing may indicate blockage of nasolacrimal duct

49
Q

testing for acccomodation includes

A

by asking the person to focus on a distant object.- this will dilae the pupil

then have the person shift gaze to near object, such as your finger held about 7 to 8 cm
Normal response =
pupillary constriction.
convergence of axes of eyes.

50
Q

occular fundus exam

A

pt stares at object far away, use opthamoloscope, we are looking for red reflex , ( light coming back out is red,( we look at this at an angle around 15 degrees)
both eyes should have the same red reflex

51
Q

when inspecting the fundus, what structures are important to look for ?

A

optic disc, the macula and the general retinal vessels

52
Q

findings of the optic disk

A

creamy yellow, orange to pink, will be round or oval, distinct and sharply demarcated, although nasal edge may be slightly fuzzy

53
Q

normal macula

A

will be a darker color than the fundus,

54
Q

what is eversion of the upper lid ?

A

when one suspects foreign body or eye pain

55
Q

extraoccular muscle dysfunction

A

Strabismus
esotropia - inward turning of the eye
exotropia- outward turning of the eye

56
Q

Exophthalmos

A

protruding eyes

57
Q

Ptosis

A

(drooping upper lid)

58
Q

Ectropion

A

Lower lid rolling out

59
Q

Entropion

A

Lower lid rolling in

60
Q

Blepharitis

A

inflammation of the eyelids

61
Q

Hordeolum

A

stye

62
Q

Dacryocystitis

A

inflammation of the lacrimal sac)

63
Q

Anisocoria

A

Unequal pupil size

64
Q

Miosis

A

Constricted and fixed pupils

65
Q

true or false :Infant’s and young child’s external auditory canal is shorter and has a slope opposite to that of adult’s.

A

true

66
Q

subjective data of an ear exam

A

Earache
Infections
Discharge
Hearing loss
Environmental noise
Tinnitus
Vertigo

67
Q

abnormal findings for ear

A

Excessive cerumen
Otitis externa
Osteoma
Foreign body
Polyp

68
Q

abnormalities of tympanic membrane

A

Retracted drum
Otitis media with effusion (OME)
Acute otitis media
Perforation
Tympanostomy tubes
Cholesteatoma
Scarred drum

69
Q

what are hair cells ?

A

hair cells, lie at roof of nasal cavity and upper third of septum, These receptors for smell merge into olfactory nerve

70
Q

olfactory nerve is known as

A

cranial nerve 1, which will translate to the temporal lobe in brain

71
Q

what is the mouth ?

A

First segment of digestive system and an airway for the respiratory system

72
Q

what is the oral cavity ?

A

short passage bordered by lips, palate, cheeks, and tongue

73
Q

what is the palate ?

A

arching roof of mouth divided into two parts

74
Q

what is the hard palate ?

A

anterior part made up of bone

75
Q

soft palate ?

A

posterior part, an arch of muscle that is mobile

76
Q

uvula

A

free projection hanging down from middle of soft palate

77
Q

floor of the mouth contains

A

horseshoe-shaped mandible bone, tongue, and underlying muscles

78
Q

tongue

A

: striated muscle arranged in a crosswise pattern so that it can change shape and position

79
Q

papillae

A

rough, bumpy elevations on its dorsal surface

80
Q

Frenulum

A

midline fold of tissue connecting tongue to floor of mouth

81
Q

mouth contains 3 pairs of salivery glands

A

parotid glands - lies within cheeks in front of ear
submandibular gland - lies beneath mandible at angle of jaw
sublingual - smallest almond shape, lies in floor of mouth, under tongue

82
Q

oropharynx

A

separated from mouth by a fold of tissue on each side, the anterior tonsillar pillar

83
Q

tonsils

A

behind folds, each is a mass of lymphoid tissue look more granular, and surface shows deep crypts

84
Q

Nasopharynx

A

continuous with oropharynx above oropharynx and behind nasal cavity

85
Q

Touching posterior wall with tongue blade elicits

A

the gag reflex , ; this tests cranial nerves IX and X, the glossopharyngeal and vagus.

86
Q

Asking a person to stick out tongue

A

Test cranial nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve

should protrude in midline; note any tremor, loss of movement, or deviation to side

87
Q

where are oral malignancies most likely seen ?

A

U-shaped area under tongue behind teeth

88
Q

tonsil grading

A

1+ Visible
2+ Halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula
3+ Touching uvula
4+ Touching each other

89
Q

tongue inspection

A

Normally, there should be no white patches or lesions present

90
Q

color of tonsils should be

A

same pink as oral mucosa, and their surface peppered with indentations, or crypts; there should be no exudate on tonsils

91
Q

retnetion cyst

A

mucousy cyst (mucocele)

92
Q

Angular cheilitis

A

vitamin deficiency, bleeding and cracking around edges of mouth

93
Q

Aphthous ulcers

A

canker sore

94
Q

koplik spots

A

little red dots that appear with measles

95
Q

candidiassis

A

steroid treatment, chemotherapy, rheumatoid arthitiis treatments, inhalers, not rinsing their mouth, breast fed babies , treatments impacting the immune system

96
Q

migratory glossitis

A

geographic tongue

97
Q

Oral Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

associated with HIV

98
Q

one swollen tonsil

A

Peritonsillar abscess
very dangerous, travel and compromise the airway

Health Assessment (14 decks)

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