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Anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart?

A

Rests in mediastinum, on diaphragm near centre of thoracic cavity

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2
Q

How much of the heart is left of the midline?

A

2/3 of the weight

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3
Q

Apex of heart

A

Pointed end formed by tip of left ventricle rests on diaphragm

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4
Q

Base of heart

A

Posterior aspect formed by atria

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5
Q

How many heart beats per day?

A

100,000– 35 mil per year

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6
Q

How many litres of blood are pumped per minute?`

A

5L

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7
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane that surrounds and protects heart

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8
Q

2 layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous Pericardium

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9
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

Superficial layer, dense irregular connective tissue provides protection and anchors heart to mediastinum

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10
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

Thinner layer forms double layer around heart

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11
Q

2 layers of serous pericardium

A

Parietal layer on outside

Visceral layer adhered to heart

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12
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Space between parietal and visceral layer that is filled with pericardial fluid

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13
Q

How many layers of the heart wall?

A

3

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14
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer of the heart composed of 2 tissue layers

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15
Q

2 Tissue layers of the epicardium

A

Outer layer is the visceral layer of pericardium

Inner layer is delicate fibroelastic and elastic tissue

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16
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of heart made of cardiac muscle. Responsible for pumping

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17
Q

What is the largest layer of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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18
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer made of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue

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19
Q

What connected cardiac muscle fibers?

A

Intercalated discs containing desmosomes and gap junctions

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20
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Shorter, less round and with more large mitochondria than skeletal muscle

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21
Q

Atria

A

Two upper chambers recieve blood from veins

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22
Q

Ventricles

A

Two lower chambers eject blood through arteries

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23
Q

Pulmonary Pump

A

Weaker pump consisting of right atrium and right ventricle moves deoxygenated blood through lungs

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24
Q

Systemic Pump

A

Stronger pump made of left atrium and left ventricle. Circulates oxygenated blood

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25
Q

Auricle

A

Wrinkled pouch on anterior side of atrium increases capacity to hold more blood

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26
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves on surface containing coronary blood vessels and fat mark external boundary between two chambers

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27
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A

Encircles most of heart and marks boundary atria and ventricles

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28
Q

Anterior/ Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

A

Shallow groove is boundary between left and right ventricles

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29
Q

3 veins that right atrium recieves from?

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary Sinus

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30
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Form parallel ridges on anterior side of right atrium

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31
Q

Interatrial Septum

A

Thin partition between right and left atria

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32
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A

Opening on interatrial septum that directs blood to left atrium to bypass fetal lungs

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33
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Passes blood from right artium to left atrium

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34
Q

Trabeculae Carnae

A

Ridges formed by bundles of cardiac muscle fibers

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35
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

Cords connected to cusps of tricuspid valve

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36
Q

Papillary Muscles

A

Cone shaped trabeculae carnae connected to chordae tendineae

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37
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Partition between right and left ventricles

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38
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

Blood passes from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk

39
Q

Pulmonary Trunk

A

Large vessel divides into right and left pulmonary arteries which carry blood to lungs

40
Q

How many veins does the left atrium receive from?

A

4 pulmonary veins

41
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

Blood passes from left atrium into left ventricle

42
Q

What is the thickest heart chamber?

A

Left ventricle

43
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Blood passes from left ventricle into ascending aorta

44
Q

Fibrous skeleton

A

Four dense connective tissue rings surrounding chambers

45
Q

What are the four rings of the fibrous skeleton?

A

Pulmonary
Aortic
Right atrioventricular
Left atrioventricular

46
Q

Valves

A

Contract and push blood into a ventricle or out of the heart into an artery

47
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

Between atrium and ventricles. Open and cusps project into ventricle

48
Q

When does blood move in an AV valve?

A

When the pressure in the atrium is higher than in the ventricle

49
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves made of 3 half moon cusps

50
Q

Function of SL valve

A

Eject blood into arteries and prevent backflow into ventricles

51
Q

When does blood move in an SL valve?

A

When the pressure is higher in the ventricle than in the artery

52
Q

What happens when ventricles contract?

A

Pressure builds in chambers and valves open

53
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Oxygenated blood flows from left ventricle trough aorta to all organs and return through right atrium

54
Q

Order of vessels in systemic circulation

A

Aorta
Systemic arteries
Arterioles
Systemic capillaries

55
Q

Venules

A

Carry deoxygenated blood away from tissues

56
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Deoxygenated blood flows from right ventricle, to the lungs, and returns to left atrium

57
Q

Order of vessels in pulmonary circulation

A

Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary capillaries

58
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

Hearts blood supply through vessels that pierce myocardium

59
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Branch from ascending aorta and supply heart with oxygenated blood when heart is relaxed

60
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Inferior to left auricle. Divides into interventricular and circumflex branches

61
Q

Anterior Interventricular Branch

A

Branch of left coronary artery in anterior interventricular sulcus supplies both ventricles

62
Q

Circumflex branch

A

Branch of left coronary artery in coronary sulcus that supplies left ventricle and left atrium

63
Q

Right Coronary artery

A

Supplies small branches to right atrium. Inferior to right auricle and divides into posterior interventricular and marginal branches

64
Q

Posterior Interventricular Branch

A

Follows posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies both ventricles

65
Q

Marginal Branch

A

Along margin of the heart and supplies right ventricle

66
Q

Anastomoses

A

Artery connection provide collateral circulation if passage become blocked

67
Q

Coronary Veins

A

Deoxygenated blood drains into vascular sinus

68
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Empties into right atrium

69
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

In anterior interventricular sulcus which drains ventricles and left atrium

70
Q

Middle cardiac vein

A

In posterior interventricular sulcus and drains ventricles

71
Q

Small cardiac vein

A

In coronary sulcus and drains right atrium and right ventricle

72
Q

Anterior cardiac veins

A

Drains right ventricle and opens directly into right atrium

73
Q

Autorhythmic Cells

A

Repeatedly and rhythmically generate action potentials even when outside body

74
Q

Cardiac Conduction system

A

Delivers action potentials and stimulates chambers to contract in coordination

75
Q

Sequence of Cardiac conduction system

A 
Sinoarterial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Right/ left bundle branches
Purkinje Fibers
76
Q

Sinoarterial Node

A

Makes two atria contract at the same time

77
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

Action potential slows and delay alows atria to empty blood into vesicles

78
Q

Where is the only site that action potentials can conduct from atria to ventricles?

A

Bundle of His

79
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Composite of action potentials produced by nodal and contractile cells

80
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Events of one heart beat

81
Q

Which chambers contract first?

A

Atria

82
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase of a heart chamber

83
Q

Diastole

A

Phase of relaxation

84
Q

Sequence of Cardiac Cycle

A

Relaxation period
Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole

85
Q

Relaxation Period

A

all chambers are in diastole. Ventricle pressure drops and blood rushes back towards ventricles.

86
Q

What valves are open during Atrial Systole?

A

AV valves

87
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Membrane of excitable cells have a difference in electrical potential on either side

88
Q

Polarized

A

Negative ions build up cytosol and positive ions build up in extracellular fluid

89
Q

Depolarization

A

Reduction in membrane potential when inside becomes less negative than resting membrane potential

90
Q

Action potential

A

Decrease and reverse resting potential and restore it to resting state

91
Q

Sequence of waves in heart beat

A

P
QRS
T

92
Q

P wave

A

Spread of depolarization from SA node to atria followed by atrial contraction

93
Q

QRS wave

A

Spread of depolarization through ventricles followed by contraction

94
Q

T wave

A

Indicated ventricle repolarization

Anatomy (9 decks)

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