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Anatomy > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

5 components of the axial skeleton

A 
Skull
Hyoid Bone
Auditory Ossicles
Vertebral Column
Thorax
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2
Q

How many bones in skull?

A

22- 8 cranial and 14 facial

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3
Q

Frontal Bone

A

Roof of orbits and anterior part of cranial floor

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4
Q

Frontal Squama

A

Forehead- Coronal suture to top of orbits

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5
Q

Supraorbital Margin

A

Thickening of frontal bone above orbits

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6
Q

Supraorbital foramen

A

On supraorbital margin, for supraorbital nerve and artery

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7
Q

Supraorbital Notch

A

Incomplete supraorbital foramen

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8
Q

Frontal sinuses

A

Hollow spaces on frontal squama

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9
Q

Parietal Bones

A

Sides and roof of cranial cavity

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10
Q

Saggital Suture

A

Holds parietal bones together

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11
Q

Temporal Bones

A

Inferior/ lateral part of cranium and part of cranial floor

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12
Q

Temporal Squama

A

Thin, flat portion of temporal bone forms temple

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13
Q

Zygomatic Process

A

On temporal Bone- articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone

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14
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

Anterior to ear- Zygomatic and temporal processes

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15
Q

Mandibular Fossa

A

Socket on zygomatic process

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16
Q

Articular Tubercle

A

Rounded elevation on zygomatic process

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17
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A

Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle articulate with mandible

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18
Q

Mastoid Portion

A

Contains mastoid air cells which communicate with hollow air space in inner ear- posterior and inferior to ear canal

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19
Q

External Auditory meatus

A

Ear canal- directs sound waves into ear

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20
Q

Mastoid process

A

Rounded projection on mastoid portion- attachment point for neck muscles

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21
Q

Internal Auditory Meatus

A

Opening for facial and vestibulochlear nerves to pass

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22
Q

Styloid process

A

Attachment point for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck- projects inferiorly from temporal bone

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23
Q

Stylomastoid foramen

A

Between styloid and mastoid processes- Facial nerve and stylomastoid artery

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24
Q

Petrous Portion

A

Between sphenoid and occipital bones- houses internal and middle ear

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25
Q

3 auditory ossicles of middle ear

A

Incus
Malleus
Stapes

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26
Q

Cartoid Foramen

A

In middle ear- Passage for cartoid artery

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27
Q

Occipital bone

A

Posterior part and base of cranium

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28
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Medulla oblongata connects with spinal cord - passage for vertebral and spinal arteries an accesory nerve

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29
Q

Occipital condyles

A

Two oval, convex surfaces on either side of foramen magnum

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30
Q

Atlanto-occipital joints

A

Occipital condyles articulate with atlas

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31
Q

Hypoglossal canal

A

Superior to occipital condyle- passage of hypoglossal nerve and pharyngeal artery

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32
Q

External Occipital Protuberance

A

Prominent midline projection superior to foramen magnum

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33
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A

Ligament extends for external occipital protuberance to C7

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34
Q

Superior Nuchal Lines

A

Two curved lines extending laterally from protuberance

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35
Q

Inferior nuchal lines

A

Area of muscle attachment

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36
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

butterfly- Floor, side walls and rear walls of orbit

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37
Q

What cranial bones does the sphenoid articulate with?

A

All Cranial bones

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38
Q

Sphenoidal Sinus

A

Middle portion of butterfly that is hollow

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39
Q

Sella Tursica

A

Ridgy structure on superior body of sphenoid

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40
Q

3 parts of the Sella Tursica

A

Tuberculum Sellae
Hypophyseal Fossa
Dorsum Sellae

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41
Q

Tuberculum Sellae

A

Anterior ridge of the sella tursica

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42
Q

Hypophyseal Fossa

A

Depression in between ridges of the sella tursica- houses pituitary gland

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43
Q

Dorsum Sellae

A

Posterior ridge of the sella tursica

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44
Q

Greater Wings

A

Project laterally from body of sphenoid- inferior to lesser wings

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45
Q

Lesser Wings

A

Ridge of bone superior to greater wings of the sphenoid bone

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46
Q

Optic Foramen

A

At joint between lesser wing and body of sphenoid- passage of optic nerve and opthalmic artery

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47
Q

Superior Orbital Fissure

A

Between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid. Elongated slit for passage of blood vessels and cranial nerves

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48
Q

Pterygoid Processes

A

Project from bottom of sphenoid body- Mandible muscle attachment

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49
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

Medial to foramen spinosum on wings of sphenoid- Trigeminal Nerve

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50
Q

Foramen Spinosum

A

Base of greater wing of sphenoid- meningeal blood vessels

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51
Q

Foramen Lacerum

A

Joint between sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones- pharyngeal artery and emissary veins

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52
Q

Foramen Rotundum

A

Above pterygoid process- trigeminal nerve

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53
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

Anterior part of cranial floor between orbits- partitions nasal cavity

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54
Q

Lateral Masses

A

Wall between nasal cavity containing ethmoidal sinuses

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55
Q

Ethmoidal sinuses

A

In the lateral masses of ethmoid bone- composed of ethmoidal cells

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56
Q

Perpindicular Plate

A

Nasal Septum- Long projection in the middle of the ethmoid bone

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57
Q

Cribiform Plate

A

Horizontal plate in ethmoid bone- forms roof of nasal cavity

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58
Q

Olfactory Foramina

A

On cribiform plate of ethmoid bone- passage of olfactory nerves

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59
Q

Crista Gali

A

Projection on top of ethmoid bone- Attachment for falx cerebri which seperate brain hemispheres

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60
Q

Nasal bones

A

Two, small, flat rectangular bones form bridge of nose

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61
Q

Function of nasal bones

A

Protect upper entry of nasal cavity and provide muscle attachment points used for facial expression

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62
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A

Resemble fingernails. Lateral to nasal bones and form medial wall of orbit

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63
Q

Lacrimal Fossa

A

Formed with maxilla. Houses lacrimal sac

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64
Q

Palantine Bones

A

Two L shaped bones form posterior hard palate and walls of nasal cavity

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65
Q

Horizontal Plates of Palantine bone

A

Seperate nasal and oral cavities

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66
Q

Inferior Nasal Conchae

A

Inferior to middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid- seperate from ethmoid

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67
Q

Vomer

A

Triangular bone on floor of nasal cavity

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68
Q

What bones does the vomer articulate with?

A

Perpindicular plate of ethmoid, body of sphenoid, maxilla, palantine

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69
Q

Maxilla

A

Floors of orbits, lateral walls of nasal cavity, most of hard palate

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70
Q

What facial bones does the maxilla articulate with?

A

All except mandible

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71
Q

Hard palate

A

Palantine processes of maxilla and horizontal plates of palantine bones

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72
Q

Maxillary Sinus

A

Hollow body of maxilla

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73
Q

Alveolar Processes

A

Ridge like arch on maxilla that contains alveoli

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74
Q

Alveoli

A

Sockets for maxillary teeth

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75
Q

Palantine processes

A

Horizontal projection on maxilla makes 3/4 of hard palate anterior

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76
Q

Infraorbital Foramen

A

On maxilla. Infraorbital blood vessel/ nerve and the trigeminal nerve

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77
Q

Incisive Foramen

A

Posterior to incisor teeth. Palantine blood vessel and nasopalantine nerve

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78
Q

Inferior Orbital Fissure

A

Between greater wing of sphenoid and posterior maxilla

79
Q

Zygomatic Bone

A

Cheek bone

80
Q

What bones do the zygomatic bones articulate with

A

Frontal, maxilla, temporal and sphenoid

81
Q

Temporal Process

A

Projects posteriorly and articulates with zygomatic process

82
Q

Zygomaticofacial foramen

A

Near centre of zygomatic. Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels

83
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw bone

84
Q

What is the largest and strongest facial bone?

A

Mandible

85
Q

Body of Mandible

A

Horizontal, curved portion

86
Q

Ramus

A

Perpindicular portion of mandible

87
Q

Angle of mandible

A

Area where the body and the ramus meet

88
Q

Condylar Process

A

Posterior part of ramus articulates with mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone

89
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A

Where mandible articulates with temporal bone

90
Q

Coronoid Process

A

End of ramus where temporalis muscle attaches

91
Q

Mandibular Notch

A

Depression between condylar and coronoid processes

92
Q

Mental Foramen

A

Inferiro to 2nd premolar- Mental nerve

93
Q

Mandibular Foramen

A

Medial side of ramus

94
Q

Mandibular Canal

A

Runs obliquely to ramus and anteriorly to body- Alveolar nerves/ vessels

95
Q

Nasal Septum

A

Vertical partition of nasal cavity

96
Q

3 components of nasal septum

A

Vomer
Perpindicular plate of ethmoid
Septal cartilage

97
Q

Bony Nasal Septum

A

Perpindicular plate of ethmoid and the vomer form the posterior side of nasal septum

98
Q

Septal Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage articulates with bony nasal septum to form the anterior of nasal septum

99
Q

How many bones form the orbital cavities?

A

7

100
Q

What cranial bones form the orbital cavities?

A

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

101
Q

What facial bones form the orbital cavities?

A

Palantine, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal

102
Q

What bones form the orbit roof?

A

Frontal, sphenoid

103
Q

What bones form the orbit lateral wall?

A

Zygomatic, sphenoid

104
Q

What bones form the orbit medial wall?

A

Maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid

105
Q

What bones form the orbit floor?

A

Maxilla, zygomatic, sphenoid

106
Q

Location of optic foramen

A

Junction of roof and medial wall of orbit

107
Q

Location of superior orbital fissure

A

Back, centre of orbit

108
Q

Location of inferior orbital fissure

A

Junction of lateral wall and floor of orbit

109
Q

Location of supraorbital foramen

A

Medial side of supraorbital margin of frontal bone

110
Q

Location of lacrimal fossa

A

Medial side of orbit on the lacrimal bone

111
Q

Sutures

A

Immovable joint that holds together most skull bones

112
Q

Coronal Sture

A

Joins frontal and parietal bones

113
Q

Saggital Suture

A

Joins parietal bones

114
Q

Lamboid Suture

A

Joins parietal and occipital bones

115
Q

Where do sutural bones grow?

A

At the lamboid suture

116
Q

Squamous Suture

A

Join parietal and temporal bones

117
Q

4 bones with paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxilla

118
Q

2 functions of paranasal sinuses

A

Allow skull to change in size but not mass

Resonating chambers intensify vocals

119
Q

Cranial Fossae

A

3 distinct regions of the floor of the cranium

120
Q

Bones that form Anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

121
Q

Bones that form middle cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid, temporal, parietal

122
Q

Bones that form inferior cranial fossa

A

Occipital, temporal

123
Q

4 Sex differences in muscle attachment sites

A

Temporal lines
External Occipital Protuberance
Nuchal lines
Mastoid Process

124
Q

6 Sex differences in Bone Prominence

A 
Angle of mandible
Frontal squama
Supraorbital ridge
Glabella
Teeth
Mental Eminence (chin)
125
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Suspended from styloid process of temporal bone by ligaments and muscle

126
Q

What bone is fractured during strangulation

A

Hyoid

127
Q

Function of hyoid bone

A

Attachment for tongue, neck and pharynx muscles

128
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Bone and connective tissue that surrounds and protects spinal cord

129
Q

How many of each vertebrae are there?

A 
26 total
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
130
Q

Normal curves

A

4 slight curves in spine

131
Q

What portions of the spine are convex

A

Cervical and lumbar

132
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

Between bodies of vertebrae from C2- sacrum

133
Q

What % of spine length is from discs?

A

25%

134
Q

2 components of intervertebral discs

A

Annulus Fibrosus

Nucleus pulpous

135
Q

Annulus Fibrosus

A

Outer fibrocartilage ring of intervertebral discs

136
Q

Nucleus pulpous

A

Inner, soft substance in intervertebral discs

137
Q

Vertebral Body

A

Anterior block mass of bone

138
Q

Vertebral Arch

A

Posterior side of spinal cord

139
Q

Pedicle

A

Short thick processes form base of the vertebral arch

140
Q

Laminae

A

Flat portions just before spinous process form posterior side of vertebral arch

141
Q

Vertebral Foramen

A

Contains spinal cord and meningeal coverings

142
Q

Vertebral Notches

A

Indentations in pedicles

143
Q

Intervertebral Foramen

A

Vertebral notches stacked form opening permitting passage of spinal nerve

144
Q

Transverse process

A

Postlaterally project from both sides of vertebrae

145
Q

Spinous Process

A

Posteriorly projects from junction of laminae

146
Q

2 vertebral processes that are muscle attachment points

A

transverse

spinous

147
Q

Superior articular process

A

Join with inferior articular surface of vertebrae above

148
Q

Inferior articular process

A

Join with superior articular process of vertebrae below

149
Q

Vertebral facet

A

Surface of articulating processes covered in hyaline cartilage

150
Q

where is the vertebral foramen the biggest?

A

Cervical vertebrae

151
Q

What vertebrae have transverse formamen?

A

Cervical

152
Q

What spinous processes are bifid?

A

C2- C6

153
Q

Atlas

A

C1- Ring of bone with posterior and anterior arches and large lateral masses

154
Q

Which vertebrae lacks a vertebral body and a spinous process

A

Atlas

155
Q

What allows us to nod our head

A

Atlanto- occipital joint in atlas

156
Q

Axis

A

C2- Has a peg like dens

157
Q

Ondontoid Process

A

Dens

158
Q

Atlanto- axial joint

A

Articulation of atlas and dens of axis

159
Q

Vertebra Prominens

A

C7- has a large non bifid spinous process

160
Q

Costal Facet

A

Articular surface for ribs

161
Q

Which vertebrae articulate with ribs

A

T1- T10

162
Q

What articulates with the head of the ribs?

A

Body of thoracic vertebrae

163
Q

What articulates with the tubercles of the ribs?

A

Costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae

164
Q

Demifacet

A

Head of rib articulates with body of two adjacent vertebra

165
Q

Which vertebrae have both a superior and inferior costal demifacet?

A

T2- T8

166
Q

Vertebrocostal Joints

A

Articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs

167
Q

Sacrum

A

Triangular bone formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae

168
Q

What age does the sacrum fuse together at?

A

16-30

169
Q

Transverse Lines

A

4 ridges that mark joining of sacral vertebrae

170
Q

Anterior sacral foramina

A

4 pairs of holes in the sacrum

171
Q

Sacral Ala

A

Lateral wings on the top of the sacrum

172
Q

Median Sacral Crest

A

Fused spinous processes form a ridge down the middle

173
Q

Lateral Sacral Crest

A

Fused transverse processes form lines down the sides

174
Q

Posterior Sacral Foramina

A

4 pairs of holes on the back side

175
Q

Sacral Canal

A

Continuation of vertebral canal

176
Q

Sacral Hiatus

A

Laminae of S5 fail to meet and leave a gap on the bottom of posterior side

177
Q

Sacral Cornu

A

Inferior articular process of S5 connects with coccyx

178
Q

Apex

A

Narrow portion on the bottom of sternum

179
Q

Base of sternum

A

Broad portion at the top of the sacrum

180
Q

Sacral Promontory

A

Border of base used for pelvis measurement

181
Q

Auricular Surface

A

Depression on posterior wings of sacrum join with ilium of hipbone

182
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

Auricular surface of sacrum and ilium of hip bone

183
Q

Sacral Tuberosity

A

Depressions on auricular surface for ligament attachment

184
Q

Superior articular process of sacrum

A

Bumps on top that join with L5

185
Q

Lumbosacral Joint

A

Sacrum joins with lumbar

186
Q

Coccyx

A

Co1- Co4- Terminal end of vertebral column

187
Q

When does the coccyx fuse

A

Age 20-30

188
Q

Coccygeal Cornu

A

Connected by ligaments to sacral cornu

189
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

Sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae

190
Q

Superior Thoracic Aperture

A

Opening for structures in neck to pass through

191
Q

Sternum

A

Flat bone in centre of thorax

192
Q

3 parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process

193
Q

Manubrium

A

Top of sternum

194
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

Bottom of sternum

Anatomy (9 decks)

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