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Anatomy > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structures and relationships among them

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2
Q

6 Levels of Body Organization

A

1) Chemical
2) Cellular
3) Tissue
4) Organ
5) Organ system
6) Organism

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3
Q

4 Types of tissues

A

Muscular
Epitheleal
Connective
Nervous

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4
Q

6 Life Processes

A 
Metabolism
Responsiveness to environment
Movement
Growth
Differentiation (unspecialized cells become specialized)
Reproduction
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5
Q

Prone

A

Body lying face down

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6
Q

Supine

A

Body lying face up

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7
Q

6 Main Body Regions

A 
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper limb
Lower limb
Groin
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8
Q

Planes

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that run through the body

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9
Q

Sagittal

A

Divides body into left and right sides

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10
Q

Frontal/ Coronal

A

Divides body into front and back

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11
Q

Transverse

A

Divides body into upper and lower

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12
Q

Section

A

Cut of the body along one of the planes

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13
Q

Cervical

A

Front of neck

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14
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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15
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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16
Q

Patellar

A

Knee

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17
Q

Sternal

A

Sternum

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18
Q

Cranial

A

Top of head

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19
Q

Dorsum

A

Top of hand/ foot

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20
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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21
Q

Crural

A

Calf

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22
Q

Femoral

A

Upper leg

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23
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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24
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

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25
Q

Antibrachial

A

Forearm

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26
Q

Cubital

A

Elbow

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27
Q

Thoracic

A

Ribs

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28
Q

Brachial

A

Upper Arm

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29
Q

Nuchal

A

Back of neck

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30
Q

Scapular

A

Shoulder Blades

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31
Q

Interscapular

A

Shoulders next to spine

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32
Q

Vertebral

A

Spinal Column

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33
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back

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34
Q

Sacral

A

Butt crack

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35
Q

Gluteal

A

Butt cheek

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36
Q

Palmar

A

Palm of hand

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37
Q

Perineal

A

Pubic area

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38
Q

Popiteal

A

Back of knee

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39
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel

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40
Q

Superior

A

Towards head

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41
Q

Inferior

A

Towards feet

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42
Q

Anterior

A

Front of body

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43
Q

Posterior

A

Back of body

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44
Q

Medial

A

Closer to midline

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45
Q

Lateral

A

Further from midline

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46
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to trunk

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47
Q

Distal

A

Nearer to hands/ feet

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48
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

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49
Q

Ventral

A

Front

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50
Q

Body Cavities

A

Spaces that house internal organs

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51
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain

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52
Q

Vertebral cavity

A

Formed by vertebral column- spinal cord, nerves

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53
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of protective tissue and a shock absorbing fluid surround brain and spinal cord

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54
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Ribs, chest muscle, sternum, thoracic vertebrae

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55
Q

3 subsections of the thoracic cavity

A

Pleural cavity
Pericardial Cavity
Mediastinum

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56
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Space between pleura surrounding lung

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57
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane on lung

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58
Q

Serous membrane

A

Slippery, double layered membrane associated with internal body cavities

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59
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Space between peracardium that surrounds heart

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60
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs- heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels

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61
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Abdomen and pelvic cavities

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62
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, intestines

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63
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Bladder, reproductive system

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64
Q

Viscera

A

Organs inside abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities

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65
Q

Membrane

A

Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions and connects structures

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66
Q

2 layers of the serous membrane

A

Parietal layer- lines body cavities

Visceral layer- covers and adheres to viscera

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67
Q

What is inbetween the layers of the serous membrane

A

Serous cavity containing serous fluid

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68
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane of heart

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69
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

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70
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissues bind muscles together (grouping) and help seperate body compartments

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71
Q

3 parts of cells

A

Plasma membrane
cytoplasm
Nucleus

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72
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Detects changes and responds by generating nerve action potentials to activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions

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73
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers body surface, lines cavities, forms glands

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74
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Protects and supports body organs. Binds organs, stores energy, provide immunity

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75
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Cells for contraction and generation of force- generation of heat

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76
Q

3 Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Selective barrier for substances going in or out of body
Release cell products onto surfaces
Protects against environmental influence

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77
Q

Apical Surface

A

Faces body surface

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78
Q

Lateral Surface

A

Face adjacent cells

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79
Q

Basal surface

A

Opposite of apical

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80
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Extracellular layer

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81
Q

2 components of the basement membrane

A

Basal lamina- closer to epithelial cells

Reticular lamina- close to underlying connective tissue

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82
Q

How does epithelial and connective tissues exchange substances?

A

Diffusion

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83
Q

What kind of areas have epithelial tissue?

A

Areas repeatedly subject to stress and injury– high rate of cell division

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84
Q

2 types of epithelial tissue

A

Covering/ lining epithelium

Glandular epithelium

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85
Q

What is the naming system for epithelial cells

A

2 names– 1) layering

2) shape

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86
Q

3 types of epithelial cell layering

A

Simple
Stratified
Psuedostratified

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87
Q

Psuedostratified

A

Simple because all cells rest on the basement membrane but appears stratified because the nuclei are on different levels

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88
Q

4 epithelial cell shapes

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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89
Q

Squamous

A

Flat and thin. Rapid passage of substances

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90
Q

Cell shapes for secretion and absorbtion processes

A

Cuboidal

Columnar

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91
Q

Transitional Cell Shape

A

Change back and forth from squamous to cuboidal– for stretching organs like bladder

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92
Q

2 types of glandular epithelium

A

Endocrine glands

Exocrine glands

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93
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secretions diffuse into bloodstream without going through a duct (hormones)

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94
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete products into ducts which release onto epithelial surfaces

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95
Q

5 types of cell junctions

A 
Tight junction
Adherens Junction
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Gap junction
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96
Q

Tight Junction

A

Fuse together and seal passage way between cells

- inhibits passage of substances (stomach lining)

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97
Q

Adherens Junction

A

Adhesion belts help epithelial tissue resist seperation

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98
Q

Desmosomes

A

Intermediate filaments weld together to prevent seperation under tension

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99
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Dont link adjacent cells, they anchor cells to the basement membrane

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100
Q

Gap Junction

A

Fluid filled tunnels connect neighbouring cells

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101
Q

Innervate

A

Supply an organ with nerves

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102
Q

2 components of connective tissue

A 
Cells
Extracellular matrix (fibers)
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103
Q

2 components of extracellular matrix

A

Protein fibers

Ground substance- material between cells and fibers

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104
Q

6 types of connective tissue cells

A 
Fibroblasts
macrophages
Plasma cells
Mast Cells
Adipocytes
White blood cells
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105
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Large, flat cells with branching processes. Most numerous

Secrete components for ground substance

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106
Q

Macrophages

A

Develop from monocytes– Engulf bacteria and foreign substances through phagocytosis

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107
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Develop from lymphnotes– secrete antibodies

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108
Q

Mast Cells

A

Abundant along connective tissue blood vessels– Produce histamine in response to injury or infection

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109
Q

Adipocytes

A

Store fats

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110
Q

White blood cells

A

Under certain conditions migrate from blood to connective tissues

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111
Q

Ground substance

A

Component of connective tissue between cells and fibers

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112
Q

What is the consistency of ground substance

A

Can be fluid, gelatinous or calcified depending on circumstances

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113
Q

What does ground substance do?

A

binds cells, store water, exchange substances between blood and cells

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114
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Polysaccharides and proteins in ground substance

115
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Proteins trap water making ground substance more jelly like

116
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

A

Viscous substance binds cells together and lubricates joints

117
Q

Hylauronidase

A

Breaks up hyaluronic acid so white blood cells can move through connective tissue to infection site

118
Q

Chonodroitin Sulfate

A

Support and adhesiveness in cartilage ,bone and blood vessels

119
Q

Adhesion Proteins

A

Link components of ground substance together and to cell surfaces

120
Q

Fibronectin

A

Binds collagen fibers and ground substance together

121
Q

Fibers

A

Embedded in extracellular matrix between cells to strengthen and support tissues

122
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Resist tension but are not stiff so provide flexibility

123
Q

What is the arrangement of collagen fibers?

A

Parallel bundles

124
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

Collagen

125
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Smaller than collagen. Branch together to form a fibrous network

126
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

127
Q

What is the structure of elastic fibers?

A

Protein (elastin) surrounded by glycoprotein (fibrillin)

128
Q

Where are elastic fibers found?

A

skin, blood vessels, lungs

129
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein

130
Q

What produced reticular fibers?

A

fibroblasts

131
Q

Stroma

A

Supporting framework of soft organs

132
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Loosely arranged between cells

133
Q

3 types of loose connective tissues

A

Adipose
Areolar
Reticular

134
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Contains more fibers but considerably fewer cells

135
Q

3 types of dense connectie tissue

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

136
Q

Dense Regular connective tissue

A

Follow a particular pathway and are oriented in the same way

137
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

No particular orientation so can withstand tension in many different directions

138
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Elastic fibers with fibroblasts in between

139
Q

Cartilage

A

Dense network of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in a gel like component of ground substance

140
Q

What is cartilages tensile strength due to?

A

Collagen Fibers

141
Q

What type of connective tissue does not have a blood supply?

A

Cartilage

142
Q

Why does cartilage not heal well from injury?

A

It does not have a blood supply

143
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Occur singly or in groups in the lacunae of extracellular matrix

144
Q

Perichondrium

A

Covering of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage

145
Q

Ephiphyseal Plates

A

Cartilage growth plates allow bones to grow in length

146
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

147
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Bluish white shiny substance that supports and reinforces structures

148
Q

What is the weakest type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

149
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Chondrocytes scattered in thick collagen fiber bundles in extracellular matrix

150
Q

What cartilage type does not have perichondrium?

A

Fibrocartilage

151
Q

What is the strongest type of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage

152
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes in a threadlike network of elastic fibers

153
Q

Bone tissue

A

Abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely scattered cells

154
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

Compact

Spongy

155
Q

Osteon

A

Basic unit of compact bone

156
Q

4 components of an osteon

A

Lamellae
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Central/ Haversian Canal

157
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of extracellular matrix consisting of mineral salts and collagen fibers

158
Q

What is responsible for the compactness and strength of compact bone?

A

Lamellae

159
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

160
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that inhabit lacunae within hardened mix

161
Q

Canaliculi

A

Project from lacunae- Network of canals containing osteocyte processes

162
Q

Function of canaliculi

A

Provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes

163
Q

Central/ Haversian Canal

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

164
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells that secrete collagen into matrix where calcium precipitates forming a hardened mix

165
Q

Spongy bone

A

Lacks osteons

166
Q

Trabeculae

A

Slender columns of bone containing lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi

167
Q

What are spaces between trabeculae filled with?

A

Red bone marrow

168
Q

Blood

A

Liquid extracellular matrix

169
Q

3 formed elements in blood plasma

A

White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets

170
Q

Lymph

A

Extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels

171
Q

2 types of membranes

A

Epithelial

Synovial

172
Q

Epithelial Membrane

A

Epithelial layer with underlying connective tissue

173
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Connective tissue with no epithelium, lines joints

174
Q

3 types of epithelial membranes

A

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous

175
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Lines body cavity opening to exterior

176
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Lines cavitities that dont open to to exterior

177
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Skin

178
Q

Synoviocytes

A

Discontinuous layer of cells closer to the synovial cavity

179
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

Elongated cells called monocytes use ATP to generate force

180
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

181
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Movement and support

182
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Creates blood pressure

183
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary processes

184
Q

2 types of cells in nerous tissue

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

185
Q

Neurons

A

Conduct electrical impulses through body

186
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells that nourish, insulate and protect neurons

187
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin, hair, oil, sweat glands, sensory receptors

188
Q

3 functions of the integumentary system

A

Constant body temperature
Protection
Sensory Information

189
Q

Epidermis

A

Thin, outer layer of avascular epithelial tissue

190
Q

Dermis

A

Deeper, thicker layer of vascular connective tissue

191
Q

Subcutaneous/ Hypodermis

A

Layer of areolar and adipose tissue make a layer of fat under skin

192
Q

4 types of cells in epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cells

193
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce keratin and lamellar granules that protect skin and underlying tissues

194
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin which is taken up by keratinocytes to protect from UV rays

195
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Macrophages that engulf foreign substances in epidermis

196
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Deepest layer of epidermis has cells that intake sensory and tactile stimulation

197
Q

5 layers of epidermis

A 
Basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum
198
Q

Keratinization

A

Cells are continuously growing in epidermis and are pushed up through layers where they accumulate more keratin

199
Q

2 regions of the dermis layer

A

Papillary

Reticular

200
Q

3 skin pigments

A

Melanin
Hemoglobin
Carotene

201
Q

Melanin

A

Colour determinant for skin and hair. Yellow- red, brown- black

202
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells accounts for red skin coulours

203
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow- orange pigment

204
Q

Hair

A

Dead keratinized cells secreted from living hair follicle

205
Q

3 types of skin glands

A

Sebaceous
Sudoriferous
Ceruminous

206
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Oil glands secrete sebum which protects and conditions skin

207
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

Sweat glands secrete by exocytosis

208
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

Produce ear wax

209
Q

Nails

A

Plates of hard, dead keratinized cells

210
Q

6 functions of the skeletal system

A 
Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral storage and release
Blood cell production
Triglyceride Storage
211
Q

Long Bones

A

Consist of a diaphysis and variable number of epiphyses

Compact and spongy bone.

212
Q

Short bones

A

Cube shaped, spongy bone with a thin layer of compact bone

213
Q

Flat bones

A

Two parallel compact bones enclosing a layer of spongy bone

214
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex structures with variable amounts of compact and spongy bone

215
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Bones lying within tendons for protection

216
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone

217
Q

Epiphyses

A

Proximal and distal ends of bone

218
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage allows bone to grow in length

219
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

Growth plat is replaced and creates a bony structure

220
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage layer on the end of bone where joints form

221
Q

Periosteum

A

Connective tissue sheath covering bone surface where there is no articular cartilage

222
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow cavity in shaft containing yellow bone marrow and blood vessels

223
Q

What minimizes bone weight?

A

Medullary cavity

224
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane lining medullary cavity

225
Q

Tendons

A

Attach bone to muscle

226
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone

227
Q

Depressions and openings

A

Grooves or holes where nerves and blood vessels pass through bone

228
Q

Processes (bone)`

A

Projections on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue

229
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow slit between adjacent bone parts where blood vessels or nerves pass

230
Q

Foramen

A

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass

231
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression

232
Q

Sulcus

A

Furrow that accomodates a blood vessel, nerve or tendon

233
Q

Meatus

A

Tubelike opening

234
Q

3 Processes that form joints

A

Condyle
Facet
Head

235
Q

Condyle

A

Large, round protuberance with smooth articular surface at the end of bone

236
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, slightly concave/ convex articular surface

237
Q

Head

A

Rounded articular projection supported on neck of the bone

238
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge or elongated projection

239
Q

Epicondyle

A

Roughened projection above a condyle

240
Q

Line

A

Long, narrow ridge

241
Q

Spinous Process

A

Sharp, slender projection

242
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large projection

243
Q

Tubercle

A

Variable sized, rounded projection

244
Q

Tuberosity

A

Variable sized projection with rough, bumpy surface

245
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

246
Q

What deposits minerals into the framework of bone?

A

Collagen

247
Q

Calcification

A

Crystalization of minerals so tissue hardens

248
Q

What initiates calcification?

A

Osteoblasts

249
Q

What causes flexibility in bones?

A

Collagen

250
Q

4 types of bone tissue in cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

251
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

Unspecialized bone stem cells that are the only cells to undergo division

252
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells that develop into osteocytes

253
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that maintain bone metabolism

254
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Derived from monocytes- responsible for reabsorbtion and bone maintenance

255
Q

Reabsorbtion

A

Breakdown of extracellular matrix for development/ maintenance/ repair

256
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

Circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves in the central canal

257
Q

Interstital Lamellae

A

Fragments of old osteons that were partially destroyed during rebuilding or growth

258
Q

Perforating Canals

A

Blood vessels and nerves from periosteum penetrate compact bone

259
Q

Spongy Bone Tissue

A

Does not contain osteons– has trabeculae

260
Q

Trabeculae

A

Lamellae arranged in irregular pattern of thin columns

261
Q

Spaces between trabeculae are filled with…

A

Red or yellow bone marrow

262
Q

Periosteal Arteries

A

Enter through diaphysis in perferating canala and supply periosteum

263
Q

Nurtient Artery

A

In diaphysis, enters compact bone at oblique angle through nutrient foramen

264
Q

Metaphyseal arteries

A

Enter metaphyses of long bone and supply red bone marrow and bone tissue

265
Q

Epiphyseal arteries

A

Enter epiphysis of long bone and supply bone marrow nd tissue

266
Q

Open/ Compound fracture

A

Broken ends of bones protrude through skin

267
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone is broken into fragments

268
Q

Greenstick

A

Occurs in children, bone bends and only partially breaks

269
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

One end of fractured bone is forcefully driven into interior of another

270
Q

Pott Fracture

A

Fracture of distal end of fibula- serious injury to tibial articulation

271
Q

Colles Fracture

A

Fracture of distal end of radius where fragment is displaced posteriorly

272
Q

3 phases of bone repair

A

Reactive
Reparative
Bone Remodelling

273
Q

Reactive Phase

A

Blood vessels are broken and blood clots around the fracture

274
Q

Fracture Hematoma

A

Blood clot at fracture site

275
Q

Reparative Phase

A

Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus and bony callus

276
Q

Fibrocartillaginous Callus

A

Mass of repair tissue made of collagen fibers and cartilage

277
Q

Bony Callus

A

Soft callus is converted into spongy bone

278
Q

Bone Remodelling

A

Fragments are reabsorbed by osteoclasts and compact bone replaces spongy bone

279
Q

Demineralization

A

Loss of bone mass due to loss of mineral deposits in extracellular matrix

280
Q

2 factors in bone brittleness

A

Demineralization

Reduction of collagen fiber synthesis

281
Q

5 Bone Growth factors

A 
Minerals
Vitamins
Hormones
Exercise
Aging
282
Q

2 Minerals involved in bone growth

A

Calcium

Phosphorous

283
Q

5 Vitamins involved in bone growth

A 
A
C
D
K
B12
284
Q

2 hormones involved in bone growth

A

Insulin growth factors

Thyroid hormone

Anatomy (9 decks)

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