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PSYC 2360 > Hearing and chemical senses > Flashcards

Hearing and chemical senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the objective measurement and perception of amplitude in sound waves

A

objective: height
perception: intensity/volume (dB)

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2
Q

What is the objective measurement and perception of frequency in sound waves

A

Objective: Occurance during a period of time (Hz)
perception: Pitch

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3
Q

What is the perception of complexity in sound waves

A

timbre, or difference between sounds

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4
Q

If three instruments are being played at a low volume, which will sound the loudest?

A

the one with the highest pitch (frequency)

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5
Q

If 6 instruments are being played at a high volume, which will sound the loudest?

A

none, they will sound the same volume

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6
Q

What wave makes up a pure tone?

A

A sine wave of amplitude and time

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7
Q

Complex tones can be mathematically pieced into ________

A

sine waves

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8
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the lowest frequency sine wave of a complex tone, which sets the tone of the soundwave

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9
Q

If a fundamental frequency is found to be 50 Hz, what will be the frequency of the third harmonic

A

150 Hz

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10
Q

What creates the perception of timbre?

A

differences in amplitudes of harmonics

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11
Q

Pinna

A

exposed part of the ear

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12
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

membrane in the outer ear that vibrates in response to sound waves

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13
Q

Ossicles

A

Carry vibrations from tympanic membrane and amplify them for the cochlea

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14
Q

what part of the ear is filled with fluid

A

the inner ear (cochlea)

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15
Q

Which ossicle is against the cochlea

A

stapes

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16
Q

The base of the basilar membrane is tunes to _______ frequency

A

higher

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17
Q

The apex of the cochlea is tuned to _______ frequency

A

lower

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18
Q

Organ of corti

A

contains the hair cells for sound, translates movement of basilar membrane into neural signals

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19
Q

Why is hearing more fragile than vision

A

there are much fewer sound receptors

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20
Q

outer hair cells

A

3 layers, useful for hearing

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21
Q

inner hair cells

A

1 layer, critical for hearing

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22
Q

If a person is fully deaf, what part of the ear is not functioning?

A

inner hair cells

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23
Q

Type II fibers send signals from ______ hair cells

A

outer

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24
Q

Type I fibers have better myelination because they send signals from _____ hair cells

A

inner

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25
Q

Hair cells rub against ______ to create action potentials

A

tectorial membrane

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26
Q

auditory nerves travel to the _______ lobe

A

temporal

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27
Q

Place code frequency processing

A

sound wave processing based on which area of the basilar membrane responds

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28
Q

temporal code frequency processing

A

action potentials only fire in synchronicity with the high point of sound wave frequencies

29
Q

Why can’t humans hear tones above 4000 Hz?

A

because the hair cells can’t keep up (temporal code) with the frequency of the waves and stop firing

30
Q

resonant frequencies

A

frequencies that we are good at hearing

31
Q

T/F The basilar membrane only responds to the first 3 harmonics

A

F - responds to all harmonics within human range at the same time

32
Q

Pitch neurons

A

Neurons in auditory cortex that give the perception of overall unifies sound

33
Q

Cochlear implants

A

stimulate the basilar membrane when the hair cells are not sending the signals themselves

34
Q

Azimuth

A

coordinates from left to right at the level of your ears

35
Q

Interaural time difference

A

the difference in time for a sound to reach both ears

36
Q

If a sound is directly in front of you, the interaural time difference will be ___

A

0

37
Q

interaural level difference

A

The difference in sound wave volume experienced by both ears

38
Q

T/F
- Low frequency sounds can pass through object much easier and have a lower interaural level difference
- ITD and ILD can help figure out sound from any direction

A

True, false - only azimuth

39
Q

What helps humans determine elevational direction of sound?

A

spectral shape of the ears

40
Q

Where is ITD processed

A

medial superior olives

41
Q

where is ILD processed

A

lateral superior olives

42
Q

inferior colliculus

A

area where olives join and determine location of sound

43
Q

A lesion in the inferior colliculus will cause …

A

inability to know the direction of sounds

44
Q

T/F Sound enters at the brainstem

A

true

45
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

46
Q

Broca’s area

A

language production

47
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

inability to say things or name items

48
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

inability to produce sentences that make sense

49
Q

which hemisphere of the brain is important for language

A

left

50
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain is important for prosody (processing rhythm)

A

right

51
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

location of smell receptors

52
Q

Which sense does NOT pass through the thalamus

A

smell

53
Q

Piriform cortex

A

area in temporal lobe that identifies smell

54
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

area in frontal lobe that decides whether we do or don’t like a smell

55
Q

Where are smell signals organized

A

Olfactory bulb at the base of the brain

56
Q

How is the amygdala involved in olfaction

A

emotional reactions to smell

57
Q

What two flavours do we automatically enjoy

A

sweet and salty (high in energy)

58
Q

What flavour do we have an automatic negative reaction

A

bitter

59
Q

What area of the tongue has no receptors

A

middle

60
Q

T/F Salt taste receptors are more at the tip of the tongue and sweet taste receptors are further back

A

false - all taste receptors are in all parts of the tongue

61
Q

where are taste buds located

A

under papillae

62
Q

Supertaster

A

people who have more taste receptors and are more sensitive to taste

63
Q

non-taster

A

people who have normal levels of taste

64
Q

T/F Supertasters are very picky because they are more sensitive to bitterness

A

true

65
Q

Insula

A

area of the primary cortex that identifies taste

66
Q

Chorda tympani nerve

A

taste from the front of the tongue

67
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (taste)

A

taste from the back of the tongue and mouth

68
Q

Vagus nerve (taste)

A

taste from the throat

69
Q
A

PSYC 2360 (9 decks)

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