Hearing and chemical senses

Question 1

What is the objective measurement and perception of amplitude in sound waves

Answer 1

objective: height
perception: intensity/volume (dB)

Question 2

What is the objective measurement and perception of frequency in sound waves

Answer 2

Objective: Occurance during a period of time (Hz)
perception: Pitch

Question 3

What is the perception of complexity in sound waves

Answer 3

timbre, or difference between sounds

Question 4

If three instruments are being played at a low volume, which will sound the loudest?

Answer 4

the one with the highest pitch (frequency)

Question 5

If 6 instruments are being played at a high volume, which will sound the loudest?

Answer 5

none, they will sound the same volume

Question 6

What wave makes up a pure tone?

Answer 6

A sine wave of amplitude and time

Question 7

Complex tones can be mathematically pieced into ________

Answer 7

sine waves

Question 8

fundamental frequency

Answer 8

the lowest frequency sine wave of a complex tone, which sets the tone of the soundwave

Question 9

If a fundamental frequency is found to be 50 Hz, what will be the frequency of the third harmonic

Answer 9

150 Hz

Question 10

What creates the perception of timbre?

Answer 10

differences in amplitudes of harmonics

Question 11

Pinna

Answer 11

exposed part of the ear

Question 12

Tympanic membrane

Answer 12

membrane in the outer ear that vibrates in response to sound waves

Question 13

Ossicles

Answer 13

Carry vibrations from tympanic membrane and amplify them for the cochlea

Question 14

what part of the ear is filled with fluid

Answer 14

the inner ear (cochlea)

Question 15

Which ossicle is against the cochlea

Answer 15

stapes

Question 16

The base of the basilar membrane is tunes to _______ frequency

Answer 16

higher

Question 17

The apex of the cochlea is tuned to _______ frequency

Answer 17

lower

Question 18

Organ of corti

Answer 18

contains the hair cells for sound, translates movement of basilar membrane into neural signals

Question 19

Why is hearing more fragile than vision

Answer 19

there are much fewer sound receptors

Question 20

outer hair cells

Answer 20

3 layers, useful for hearing

Question 21

inner hair cells

Answer 21

1 layer, critical for hearing

Question 22

If a person is fully deaf, what part of the ear is not functioning?

Answer 22

inner hair cells

Question 23

Type II fibers send signals from ______ hair cells

Answer 23

outer

Question 24

Type I fibers have better myelination because they send signals from _____ hair cells

Answer 24

inner

Question 25

Hair cells rub against ______ to create action potentials

Answer 25

tectorial membrane

Question 26

auditory nerves travel to the _______ lobe

Answer 26

temporal

Question 27

Place code frequency processing

Answer 27

sound wave processing based on which area of the basilar membrane responds

Question 28

temporal code frequency processing

Answer 28

action potentials only fire in synchronicity with the high point of sound wave frequencies

Question 29

Why can't humans hear tones above 4000 Hz?

Answer 29

because the hair cells can't keep up (temporal code) with the frequency of the waves and stop firing

Question 30

resonant frequencies

Answer 30

frequencies that we are good at hearing

Question 31

T/F The basilar membrane only responds to the first 3 harmonics

Answer 31

F - responds to all harmonics within human range at the same time

Question 32

Pitch neurons

Answer 32

Neurons in auditory cortex that give the perception of overall unifies sound

Question 33

Cochlear implants

Answer 33

stimulate the basilar membrane when the hair cells are not sending the signals themselves

Question 34

Azimuth

Answer 34

coordinates from left to right at the level of your ears

Question 35

Interaural time difference

Answer 35

the difference in time for a sound to reach both ears

Question 36

If a sound is directly in front of you, the interaural time difference will be ___

Answer 36

0

Question 37

interaural level difference

Answer 37

The difference in sound wave volume experienced by both ears

Question 38

T/F - Low frequency sounds can pass through object much easier and have a lower interaural level difference - ITD and ILD can help figure out sound from any direction

Answer 38

True, false - only azimuth

Question 39

What helps humans determine elevational direction of sound?

Answer 39

spectral shape of the ears

Question 40

Where is ITD processed

Answer 40

medial superior olives

Question 41

where is ILD processed

Answer 41

lateral superior olives

Question 42

inferior colliculus

Answer 42

area where olives join and determine location of sound

Question 43

A lesion in the inferior colliculus will cause ...

Answer 43

inability to know the direction of sounds

Question 44

T/F Sound enters at the brainstem

Answer 44

true

Question 45

Wernicke's area

Answer 45

language comprehension

Question 46

Broca's area

Answer 46

language production

Question 47

Broca's aphasia

Answer 47

inability to say things or name items

Question 48

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 48

inability to produce sentences that make sense

Question 49

which hemisphere of the brain is important for language

Answer 49

left

Question 50

Which hemisphere of the brain is important for prosody (processing rhythm)

Answer 50

right

Question 51

Olfactory mucosa

Answer 51

location of smell receptors

Question 52

Which sense does NOT pass through the thalamus

Answer 52

smell

Question 53

Piriform cortex

Answer 53

area in temporal lobe that identifies smell

Question 54

Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 54

area in frontal lobe that decides whether we do or don't like a smell

Question 55

Where are smell signals organized

Answer 55

Olfactory bulb at the base of the brain

Question 56

How is the amygdala involved in olfaction

Answer 56

emotional reactions to smell

Question 57

What two flavours do we automatically enjoy

Answer 57

sweet and salty (high in energy)

Question 58

What flavour do we have an automatic negative reaction

Answer 58

bitter

Question 59

What area of the tongue has no receptors

Answer 59

middle

Question 60

T/F Salt taste receptors are more at the tip of the tongue and sweet taste receptors are further back

Answer 60

false - all taste receptors are in all parts of the tongue

Question 61

where are taste buds located

Answer 61

under papillae

Question 62

Supertaster

Answer 62

people who have more taste receptors and are more sensitive to taste

Question 63

non-taster

Answer 63

people who have normal levels of taste

Question 64

T/F Supertasters are very picky because they are more sensitive to bitterness

Answer 64

true

Question 65

Insula

Answer 65

area of the primary cortex that identifies taste

Question 66

Chorda tympani nerve

Answer 66

taste from the front of the tongue

Question 67

Glossopharyngeal nerve (taste)

Answer 67

taste from the back of the tongue and mouth

Question 68

Vagus nerve (taste)

Answer 68

taste from the throat