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PSYC 2360 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Which gamete can contribute either and X or a Y

A

sperm

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2
Q

T/F Y chromosomes have a fraction of the genes compared to X chromosomes

A

True

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3
Q

SRY gene

A

a gene present of the Y chromosome which determines the sex of a human

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4
Q

What happens if the SRY gene is deleted?

A

XY fetuses develop female reproductive systems

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5
Q

What system develops and which degenerates in fetuses with SRY genes?

A

Wolffian system develops and Mullerian system degenerates

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6
Q

what is are the primordial reproductive systems?

A

Wolffian - male
Mullerian - female

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7
Q

T/F mammals have genotypic sex determination

A

True

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8
Q

What is the timeline for the zygote stage

A

0-2 weeks

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9
Q

what is the timeline of the embryonic stage

A

2-8 weeks

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10
Q

T/F there are large differences between vertebrates in the embryonic stage

A

F - they look alike as embryos and develop more distinct forms as they grow

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11
Q

What are the organizer tissue layers and what do they develop into?

A

Ectoderm - skin
Mesoderm - muscles and bone
Endoderm - digestive and respiratory

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12
Q

what is the first stage of nervous system development

A

neural plate stage in embryo

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13
Q

what is the second stage of nervous system development

A

neural tube stage, where the plate folds and forms a tube

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14
Q

what protects the nervous system during development

A

skin and bone encasement

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15
Q

what does the hollowed area of the neural tube become

A

the ventricles

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16
Q

Where does the peripheral nervous system develop from

A

neural crest

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17
Q

What are of the nervous system serves as a nursery for the rest of the developing CNS

A

neural tube

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18
Q

spina bifida

A

failure of the neural tube to close completely leaving a portion of the spinal cord uncovered

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19
Q

how is spina bifida fixed?

A

through surgery, though may result in paralysis

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20
Q

anencephaly

A

front end of the neural tube does not close leading to lack of forebrain development

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21
Q

how is anencephaly fixed

A

it is not fixable, will be fatal

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22
Q

when does fetal heart beat begin

A

35 days

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23
Q

where does stem cell proliferation occur

A

sub ventricular zone

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24
Q

what does it mean to say that stem cells are totipotent

A

they have the ability to become any kind of cell

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25
Q

what are the two daughter cells that are created by a dividing stem cell

A

one that is another stem cell
one that becomes what it needs to be

26
Q

Subventricular zone

A

lining of neural stem cells surrounding the ventricles

27
Q

progenitor cells

A

early version of a nervous system cell created from a stem cell

28
Q

what can progenitors become?

A

neuroblasts (baby neurons) or glioblasts (baby glial cells)

29
Q

T/F progenitor cells migrate out of the subventricular zone into their spot of the developing brain

A

F - progenitor cells develop into blasts before migrating

30
Q

what are the two types of cell migration

A

radial and tangential

31
Q

how many layers are in the neocortex

A

6 layers, with layer 6 being the deepest

32
Q

which layer of the neocortex is developed first?

A

the 6th layer

33
Q

what cell is responsible for radial migration

A

radial glial cells present during development

34
Q

how do radial glial cell cause migration

A

they radiate out like spokes and developing cells move along the cell to their spot

35
Q

what protein is responsible for tangential migration

A

reelin chemical signals

36
Q

T/F after migration and aggregation, blasts develop into specific nervous system cells

A

true

37
Q

why to neural cells aggregate

A

because they need to be near each other to make connections

38
Q

how does cell differentiation occur

A

chemical signals activate specific genes which create proteins for specific cells

39
Q

T/F cell differentiation is complete by birth

A

true

40
Q

what are the two ways that neurons mature

A

axonal growth to nearby targets for synapse formation
dendritic growth to provide surface are of synapses

41
Q

T/F dendritic growth occurs much faster than axon growth

A

F - axons much faster

42
Q

growth cones

A

early axon terminals that support axon growth

43
Q

filopod

A

sprouts from axon that search for potential synapses

44
Q

synaptogenesis

A

creation of synapses between developed neurons

45
Q

when can synaptogenesis occur

A

when neurons are developed

46
Q

what leads growth cones and fasciculation

A

chemical signalling

47
Q

fasciculation

A

creating synapses with a purpose

48
Q

synaptic rearrangement

A

synaptic patterns become more focused later throughout to development

49
Q

when do gyri and sulci begin to develop

A

8 months

50
Q

what are the 2 types of cell death

A

necrosis and apoptosis

51
Q

necrosis

A

cell dies and contents spill out, which can damage other nearby cells

52
Q

apoptosis

A

controlled self-destruction

53
Q

T/F Cell death is a necessary part of normal development

A

T

54
Q

T/F Neuronal maturation slows after birth

A

F - continues through life

55
Q

T/F Neurogenesis is mostly complete by birth

A

T

56
Q

what determines the postnatal development of the brain

A

exposure

57
Q

when does myelination occur

A

after the baby is born and continue through life

58
Q

what are the main areas of brain development in babies

A

primary visual and auditory cortices

59
Q

what area of the brain lags behind during development, as it tends to develop last

A

the prefrontal cortex

60
Q

T/F Synaptogenesis spikes after birth, then pruning begins in first year and synapses decrease

A

True

61
Q

Neural Darwinism

A

survival of useful synapses only as too many synapses will waste nutrition

PSYC 2360 (9 decks)

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