Chapter 1

Question 1

Psyche

Answer 1

“the mind” or source of all human behaviour

Question 2

mentalism

Answer 2

proposes that human cognition is so complex that it cannot be only biological (dualism)

Question 3

What did aristotle think the brain did?

Answer 3

cooled the blood, memories were in the heart

Question 4

Who pioneered anatomy?

Answer 4

Andreas Vesalius via noticing fibers to spinal cord

Question 5

Was Descartes dualist or materialist?

Answer 5

Dualist - believed in mentalism. Material brain only directed mechanical behaviour

Question 6

Who though that humans shared similar “structure of the mind” from which we experienced life

Answer 6

Immanuel Kant

Question 7

Who shifted the beliefs from dualism to materialism?

Answer 7

Darwin

Question 8

What was Darwin’s idea of Fitness

Answer 8

survival and passing genes on to the next generation

Question 9

How to fossils show evidence for evolution?

Answer 9

Change through different geological layers of discovery

Question 10

How do structural similarities show evidence for evolution?

Answer 10

structural similarities in skeletons of otherwise unrelated animals shows common ancestor

Question 11

How does selective breeding show evidence for evolution?

Answer 11

Traits can be increase or decreased through selective breeding, showing species change

Question 12

Is natural selection referring to physical or cognitive traits?

Answer 12

both!

Question 13

narrow range of behaviour = _______ nervous system

Answer 13

simple

Question 14

What response is present in simple nerve nets of marine organisms?

Answer 14

reflexive motor responses to environment

Question 15

Ganglia

Answer 15

Clusters of neurons that allow for limited simple cognition

Question 16

What two parts are required in chordate nervous systems

Answer 16

brain and spinal cord

Question 17

What is unique about the symmetry of chordate nervous systems

Answer 17

There is bilateral symmetry and crossed organization of brain hemispheres

Question 18

mammals are a _____ of chordates

Answer 18

class

Question 19

Primates are a _______ of mammals

Answer 19

sub-order

Question 20

what is the most common ancestor of humans

Answer 20

chimps

Question 21

what characteristics were shown in the first primates

Answer 21

bipedalism and tool use

Question 22

Why was the discovery of tool use important to human evolution

Answer 22

showed higher intelligence

Question 23

Homo Habilis (handy)

Answer 23

early primates, made simple stone tools, only found in Africa

Question 24

Homo Erectus (upright)

Answer 24

migration beyond Africa and more sophisticated tools made

Question 25

Neanderthals

Answer 25

Localized to europe and asia, suggested to exist at the same time as modern humans

Question 26

What gene showed evidence of language ability

Answer 26

FOXP2

Question 27

What was the main factor that cause species evolution

Answer 27

adaptation to major climate changes

Question 28

How did environmental changes lead to smaller facial muscles and teeth

Answer 28

changes in climate and diet

Question 29

what did changes in facial muscles lead to?

Answer 29

ability to produce greater vocal range and language

Question 30

What three factors differentiate modern humans?

Answer 30

• tool making
• hunting and cooking
• social organization

Question 31

T/F Language only requires the physical vocal chords to create various sounds

Answer 31

F - also require cognition to understand it

Question 32

Which hominid had the greatest brain size?

Answer 32

H. Neandrethals

Question 33

T/F Brain size is the only thing that predicts higher intelligence

Answer 33

F - there is a strong connection but more to it (ex: Neandrathals had bigger brains but weren’t smarter)