Chapeter 11

Question 1

T/F
- motor pathways are dynamic
- movements are more like sequences than isolated occurrences
- The frontal lobe makes sense of sensory information about forces

Answer 1

True, true, false - frontal plans and initiates movement, basal ganglia judge force

Question 2

prefrontal cortex

Answer 2

plans movements

Question 3

premotor cortex

Answer 3

organizes motor sequences

Question 4

motor cortex

Answer 4

sends motor commands to PNS

Question 5

T/F There are practical maps of our bodies on the motor and sensory cortex, where bigger body parts take up more space

Answer 5

false - areas requiring finer control/sensitivity take up more space

Question 6

The sensory information from the left toe will be processed in the _________ of the ________ hemisphere

Answer 6

sensory cortex of the right hemisphere

Question 7

What part of the brain is involved in the consulting loop during movement

Answer 7

Basal ganglia

Question 8

Caudate and Putamen

Answer 8

involved in muscle memory of repeated movement

Question 9

Globus Pallidus

Answer 9

responsible for volume control (force of action)

Question 10

What are of the brain is related to OCD

Answer 10

basal ganglia

Question 11

What are the symptoms of parkinsons (kinetic)

Answer 11

Hyperkinetic (unwanted movement) and hypokinetic (issues initiating movemet)

Question 12

In parkinson’s, there is a loss of _________ in the _________ of the brain

Answer 12

dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

Question 13

What neurotoxin is shown to kill dopaminergic neurons in the substania nigra

Answer 13

MPTP

Question 14

Cerebellum

Answer 14

responsible for timing and flow of movement sequence + accuracy and error correction

Question 15

Corticospinal tracts

Answer 15

send motor signals from brain to PNS

Question 16

Spinocerebellar tract

Answer 16

sends sensory information to the cerebellum for movement correction

Question 17

Axons of upper motor neuron descend to the brainstem via ________

Answer 17

the internal capsule

Question 18

corticobulbar tract

Answer 18

carries motor information to head and neck

Question 19

where does the corticobulbar tract synapse

Answer 19

with cranial nerves in the brainstem

Question 20

corticospinal tract

Answer 20

carries motor information to lower motor neurons to control body movement

Question 21

what important structures does the internal capsule pass by in the brain

Answer 21

basal ganglia (force control) and the thalamus (signal organization)

Question 22

Merkel receptors

Answer 22

fine sensations in the fingertips

Question 23

Ruffini corpuscles

Answer 23

stretch and pressure in deeper skin and joints

Question 24

Pacinian corpuscles

Answer 24

deep vibration and pressure, not engaged by light touch

Question 25

nociceptors

Answer 25

free nerve endings that create sensation of pain

Question 26

exteroceptive sense

Answer 26

directly touching skin

Question 27

proprioception

Answer 27

awareness of location and position of limbs

Question 28

interoceptive sense

Answer 28

sensation of internal organs, less consciously (like BP)

Question 29

What test can show sensitivity of a certain area on the skin?

Answer 29

Two-point threshold

Question 30

A lower two-point threshold means what?

Answer 30

higher sensitivity and higher density of merkel receptors

Question 31

CT mechanoreceptors

Answer 31

pleasurable touch in areas with fine hair

Question 32

posterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 32

carries general sensations from spinal cord to thalamus and sensory cortex

Question 33

anterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 33

carries sensations of pain, crossing to opposite side in the spinal cord

Question 34

medial lemniscus

Answer 34

region in the brainstem where the posterior ST joins the anterior ST before travelling to thalamus

Question 35

Pain gate theory

Answer 35

theory that pain is dependent on gate control - where gate closed through other mechanoreceptor stimulation and central control (your mind)

Question 36

PAG

Answer 36

Area of descending analgesic pathway where pain inhibiting neurons arise

Question 37

What drug receptors are found along the descending analgesic pathway

Answer 37

Opioid receptors