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PSYC 2360 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Perceptual experience when the body interacts with a physical quality of the environment

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2
Q

What type of light are butterflies able to see that we can’t? and snakes?

A

butterflies can see UV
Snakes can see infrared (night vision)

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3
Q

are longer or shorter light waves more dangerous

A

shorter

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4
Q

cornea

A

clear outer covering of the eye providing protection and initial focus

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5
Q

pupil

A

controls the amount of light that enters the eye

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6
Q

Iris

A

coloured part of the eye that controls the pupil

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7
Q

lens

A

helps focus on images by changing shapes and reflecting image to retina

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8
Q

retina

A

lining on the back of the eye where neural signals are created

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9
Q

fovea

A

center of view, most focused

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10
Q

optic disc and blind spot

A

the beginning of the optic nerve where signals leave the eye

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11
Q

In dim light the pupil _________ to get as much light as possible

A

expands

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12
Q

T/F The lens becomes less flexible with age making it harder to focus

A

True

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13
Q

Myopia

A

near-sighted, difficulty focusing on farther items

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14
Q

Hyperopia

A

far-sighted, difficulty focusing on closer items

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15
Q

Presbyopia

A

Age related far-sightedness

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16
Q

What part of the eye converts light into neural signals

A

receptors (rods and cones) in the retina

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17
Q

Which cells in the retina directly respond to light waves

A

Receptor cells

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18
Q

Where are receptor cells located in the retina

A

furthest from the light

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19
Q

horizontal cells

A

allow communication between different nearby receptors

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20
Q

bipolar cells of the retina

A

pass information from receptors to ganglion cells

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21
Q

amacrine cells

A

allow communication between nearby ganglion cells

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22
Q

ganglion cells

A

axons form optic nerve and bring signals to the brain

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23
Q

What part of the rods and cones responds to the light

A

the outer segment which contains discs that hold pigment molecules that react chemically to the light

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24
Q

are there more rods or cones

A

rods

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25
Q

where are the cones heavily concentrated?

A

Fovea

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26
Q

were are there no rods

A

fovea

27
Q

distribution of cones allow

A

focus at fovea and colour vision everywhere

28
Q

______ are sensitive to light and are important in dim light

A

rods

29
Q

Macular degeneration

A

age related loss of cones in fovea (blind spot in middle of eye)

30
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa

A

loss off rods and cones on peripheral retina (tunnel vision)

31
Q

Axons of ______ form the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

32
Q

Magnocellular (M) cells

A

ganglion cells that get info from rods

33
Q

Parvocellular (P) cells

A

Ganglion cells that get info from cones

34
Q

Signals from the __________ go to the right visual cortex

A

left visual field

35
Q

optic chiasm

A

point where some visual signals cross to opposite hemisphere

36
Q

signals from the right half of each retina are from the ____ visual field and processed in the _____ hemisphere

A

Left, right

37
Q

LGN

A

Area in the thalamus which transmits visual signals to the visual cortex

38
Q

T/F optic nerves send one way signals

A

True

39
Q

T/F nerves in the visual cortex send one way signals

A

F - signals go back and forth due to more complex arrangement

40
Q

what % of visual neurons synapse in the thalamus where the optic nerve ends

A

90%

41
Q

Tectopulvinar pathway

A

A secondary visual pathway which travels to the superior colliculus in the midbrain, responsible for orientation and reflexive pupil dilation

42
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway

A

secondary visual pathway which makes connections with the SCN in the hypothalamus, triggering the release of sleep hormones

43
Q

Which cells send signals through the retinohypothalamic pathway

A

M-cells from rods

44
Q

Geniculostriate pathway

A

the main visual neural pathway, through the LGM in the thalamus to the visual cortex and back

45
Q

What part of the thalamus refines and organizes visual signals

A

LGN

46
Q

Retinotopic map

A

mapped out areas of the retina on the LGN

47
Q

In the LGN, layers 1-2 are the _____ (P or M) cells

A

M cells, for light

48
Q

The left LGN processes the _____

A

right visual field

49
Q

_________ of the brain flips the image that is projected on to the retina

A

visual cortex

50
Q

the top of the visual field is processed at the ________ of the ________

A

bottom of the visual cortex

51
Q

The central part of the visual cortex is larger and processes _______

A

the fovea (central visual field)

52
Q

T/F physical energy in the environment does not have perceptive quality, it is our brain that determines perception of these qualities

A

true

53
Q

T/F It is common for animals to be colourblind

A

F - they can often see more colours than us

54
Q

Colour reflectance

A

the colour we see is the wavelength reflected off the object from the light

55
Q

There are 3 different types of ____ which distinguish wavelength and allow us to see colour

A

cones

56
Q

what are the 3 types of cones

A

S-cones (blue)
M-cones (green)
L-cones (red)

57
Q

Scotopic vision

A

night vision, where rods are dominant

58
Q

photopic vision

A

Vision in day light, where cones and rods allow us to see detail and colour

59
Q

What colour is brightest with scotopic vision? Photopic?

A

blue, yellow

60
Q

purkinje shift

A

the shift from cone dominated to rod dominated vision at night

61
Q

Dichromatism

A

red-green colour deficiency

62
Q

T/F The mantis shrimp has a record 12 colour receptors and can see more colours than humans

A

f-cannot see more colours

63
Q

opponent processing

A

opponent cells beyond the retina help create colour perception, hence the presence of after images

64
Q

______ allows for fine colour perception

A

ratio of cone activity received and processed by opponent neurons

PSYC 2360 (9 decks)

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