Chapter 3 Flashcards
What did Golgi think the smallest unit of brain function was?
the fiber network
What did Cajal think the smallest unit of brain function was?
individual neuron fibers
Neuron hypothesis
the idea by Cajal that individual cell make up the brain, proven with stains
which are more simple - sensory or motor neurons?
sensory, as they typically travel only a short distance
are sensory neurons afferent or efferent
afferent
what are the 3 types of interneurons and where are they found
- stellate cells in thalamus
- pyramidal cells in cortex
- purkinje cells in cerebellum
T/F interneurons can increase or inhibit signals that they are passing along
T
which neurons have large cell bodies and well-myelinated axons
motor neurons
glial cells
support cells that help neurons
ependymal cells
produce and secrete CSF
Meningitis
inflammation of meninges due to infection of CSF
Hydrocephalus
overproduction of CSF cause pressure in the brain
astrocytes
help maintain BBB and active transport from bloodstream to neurons
microglial cells
care taker cell, gathers byproducts of neuron communication and helps with immune response in CNS
oligodendrocytes
myelin in CNS
Schwann cells
myelin in PNS
genes
small sections within chromosomes which code for different traits (proteins)
genotype
having the genetic code
phenotype
expression of the genotype
T/F phenotype codes for proteins which lead to genotype expression
F - genotype codes, phenotype expresses
how many genes are in the human genetic code
less than 30,000
Adenine binds to…
Thymine
Guanine binds to…
cytosine
Sequences of _____ on DNA code for specific _____ which chain together to build _____
bases, amino acids, proteins
T/F Proteins are required to maintain cell function and typically degrade within a few hours
f- degrade within a few days
transcription
the process of transcribing DNA sequences into mRNA which can travel outside of the nucleus
translation
the process of reading mRNA in the ER and using ribosomes to help create proteins
codon
3 base pairing which codes for an amino acid
T/F uracil replaces thymine on mRNA
T
golgi bodies
help package and ship proteins throughout the cell
microtubules
help move vesicles throughout the cell
T/F ion channels and pumps are made of proteins
true
wildtype
When the majority of a population has a trait (occurs most common without intervention)
T/F Physical traits are mainly influences by genetics
T
Transgenic techniques
introduce or remove genes of an embryo, such as those for genetic disorder (affects genotype)
Tay Sachs
A genetic birth defect resulting in infantile brain damage and early death. It is an recessive autosomal genetic mutation
Huntington’s disease
a genetic disorder that attacks basal ganglia, resulting in motor and cognitive disturbances
PKU
a gene mutation causing acid phenylalanine to build up in the body leading to brain damage through development
- can be prevented if caught early
T/F most disease have a genetic component but are only partially predicted by genetics
True
epigenetics
the study of the interaction between genetics and environment and their effects on development of traits and behaviours
what are the 3 main epigenetic mechanisms
- histone mods
- DNA mods
- mRNA mods
histone mods
failure to unravel and transcribe due to histone blocks
DNA mods
transcription prevented due to base blocks
mRNA mods
translation prevented due to ncRNA blocks
T/F epigenetic mechanisms are most effective during development
T
Epigenetic drift
the tendency for genes to change with age due to different life experiences
Why are diseases linked to environmental exposure more difficult to track?
people respond very differently
