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PSYC 2360 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Golgi think the smallest unit of brain function was?

A

the fiber network

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2
Q

What did Cajal think the smallest unit of brain function was?

A

individual neuron fibers

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3
Q

Neuron hypothesis

A

the idea by Cajal that individual cell make up the brain, proven with stains

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4
Q

which are more simple - sensory or motor neurons?

A

sensory, as they typically travel only a short distance

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5
Q

are sensory neurons afferent or efferent

A

afferent

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6
Q

what are the 3 types of interneurons and where are they found

A
  • stellate cells in thalamus
  • pyramidal cells in cortex
  • purkinje cells in cerebellum
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7
Q

T/F interneurons can increase or inhibit signals that they are passing along

A

T

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8
Q

which neurons have large cell bodies and well-myelinated axons

A

motor neurons

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9
Q

glial cells

A

support cells that help neurons

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10
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce and secrete CSF

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11
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges due to infection of CSF

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12
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

overproduction of CSF cause pressure in the brain

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13
Q

astrocytes

A

help maintain BBB and active transport from bloodstream to neurons

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14
Q

microglial cells

A

care taker cell, gathers byproducts of neuron communication and helps with immune response in CNS

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15
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelin in CNS

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelin in PNS

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17
Q

genes

A

small sections within chromosomes which code for different traits (proteins)

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18
Q

genotype

A

having the genetic code

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19
Q

phenotype

A

expression of the genotype

20
Q

T/F phenotype codes for proteins which lead to genotype expression

A

F - genotype codes, phenotype expresses

21
Q

how many genes are in the human genetic code

A

less than 30,000

22
Q

Adenine binds to…

A

Thymine

23
Q

Guanine binds to…

A

cytosine

24
Q

Sequences of _____ on DNA code for specific _____ which chain together to build _____

A

bases, amino acids, proteins

25
Q

T/F Proteins are required to maintain cell function and typically degrade within a few hours

A

f- degrade within a few days

26
Q

transcription

A

the process of transcribing DNA sequences into mRNA which can travel outside of the nucleus

27
Q

translation

A

the process of reading mRNA in the ER and using ribosomes to help create proteins

28
Q

codon

A

3 base pairing which codes for an amino acid

29
Q

T/F uracil replaces thymine on mRNA

A

T

30
Q

golgi bodies

A

help package and ship proteins throughout the cell

31
Q

microtubules

A

help move vesicles throughout the cell

32
Q

T/F ion channels and pumps are made of proteins

A

true

33
Q

wildtype

A

When the majority of a population has a trait (occurs most common without intervention)

34
Q

T/F Physical traits are mainly influences by genetics

A

T

35
Q

Transgenic techniques

A

introduce or remove genes of an embryo, such as those for genetic disorder (affects genotype)

36
Q

Tay Sachs

A

A genetic birth defect resulting in infantile brain damage and early death. It is an recessive autosomal genetic mutation

37
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

a genetic disorder that attacks basal ganglia, resulting in motor and cognitive disturbances

38
Q

PKU

A

a gene mutation causing acid phenylalanine to build up in the body leading to brain damage through development
- can be prevented if caught early

39
Q

T/F most disease have a genetic component but are only partially predicted by genetics

A

True

40
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of the interaction between genetics and environment and their effects on development of traits and behaviours

41
Q

what are the 3 main epigenetic mechanisms

A
  • histone mods
  • DNA mods
  • mRNA mods
42
Q

histone mods

A

failure to unravel and transcribe due to histone blocks

43
Q

DNA mods

A

transcription prevented due to base blocks

44
Q

mRNA mods

A

translation prevented due to ncRNA blocks

45
Q

T/F epigenetic mechanisms are most effective during development

A

T

46
Q

Epigenetic drift

A

the tendency for genes to change with age due to different life experiences

47
Q

Why are diseases linked to environmental exposure more difficult to track?

A

people respond very differently

PSYC 2360 (9 decks)

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