Chapter 3

Question 1

What did Golgi think the smallest unit of brain function was?

Answer 1

the fiber network

Question 2

What did Cajal think the smallest unit of brain function was?

Answer 2

individual neuron fibers

Question 3

Neuron hypothesis

Answer 3

the idea by Cajal that individual cell make up the brain, proven with stains

Question 4

which are more simple - sensory or motor neurons?

Answer 4

sensory, as they typically travel only a short distance

Question 5

are sensory neurons afferent or efferent

Answer 5

afferent

Question 6

what are the 3 types of interneurons and where are they found

Answer 6

• stellate cells in thalamus
• pyramidal cells in cortex
• purkinje cells in cerebellum

Question 7

T/F interneurons can increase or inhibit signals that they are passing along

Answer 7

T

Question 8

which neurons have large cell bodies and well-myelinated axons

Answer 8

motor neurons

Question 9

glial cells

Answer 9

support cells that help neurons

Question 10

ependymal cells

Answer 10

produce and secrete CSF

Question 11

Meningitis

Answer 11

inflammation of meninges due to infection of CSF

Question 12

Hydrocephalus

Answer 12

overproduction of CSF cause pressure in the brain

Question 13

astrocytes

Answer 13

help maintain BBB and active transport from bloodstream to neurons

Question 14

microglial cells

Answer 14

care taker cell, gathers byproducts of neuron communication and helps with immune response in CNS

Question 15

oligodendrocytes

Answer 15

myelin in CNS

Question 16

Schwann cells

Answer 16

myelin in PNS

Question 17

genes

Answer 17

small sections within chromosomes which code for different traits (proteins)

Question 18

genotype

Answer 18

having the genetic code

Question 19

phenotype

Answer 19

expression of the genotype

Question 20

T/F phenotype codes for proteins which lead to genotype expression

Answer 20

F - genotype codes, phenotype expresses

Question 21

how many genes are in the human genetic code

Answer 21

less than 30,000

Question 22

Adenine binds to…

Answer 22

Thymine

Question 23

Guanine binds to…

Answer 23

cytosine

Question 24

Sequences of _____ on DNA code for specific _____ which chain together to build _____

Answer 24

bases, amino acids, proteins

Question 25

T/F Proteins are required to maintain cell function and typically degrade within a few hours

Answer 25

f- degrade within a few days

Question 26

transcription

Answer 26

the process of transcribing DNA sequences into mRNA which can travel outside of the nucleus

Question 27

translation

Answer 27

the process of reading mRNA in the ER and using ribosomes to help create proteins

Question 28

codon

Answer 28

3 base pairing which codes for an amino acid

Question 29

T/F uracil replaces thymine on mRNA

Answer 29

T

Question 30

golgi bodies

Answer 30

help package and ship proteins throughout the cell

Question 31

microtubules

Answer 31

help move vesicles throughout the cell

Question 32

T/F ion channels and pumps are made of proteins

Answer 32

true

Question 33

wildtype

Answer 33

When the majority of a population has a trait (occurs most common without intervention)

Question 34

T/F Physical traits are mainly influences by genetics

Answer 34

T

Question 35

Transgenic techniques

Answer 35

introduce or remove genes of an embryo, such as those for genetic disorder (affects genotype)

Question 36

Tay Sachs

Answer 36

A genetic birth defect resulting in infantile brain damage and early death. It is an recessive autosomal genetic mutation

Question 37

Huntington's disease

Answer 37

a genetic disorder that attacks basal ganglia, resulting in motor and cognitive disturbances

Question 38

PKU

Answer 38

a gene mutation causing acid phenylalanine to build up in the body leading to brain damage through development - can be prevented if caught early

Question 39

T/F most disease have a genetic component but are only partially predicted by genetics

Answer 39

True

Question 40

epigenetics

Answer 40

the study of the interaction between genetics and environment and their effects on development of traits and behaviours

Question 41

what are the 3 main epigenetic mechanisms

Answer 41

- histone mods - DNA mods - mRNA mods

Question 42

histone mods

Answer 42

failure to unravel and transcribe due to histone blocks

Question 43

DNA mods

Answer 43

transcription prevented due to base blocks

Question 44

mRNA mods

Answer 44

translation prevented due to ncRNA blocks

Question 45

T/F epigenetic mechanisms are most effective during development

Answer 45

T

Question 46

Epigenetic drift

Answer 46

the tendency for genes to change with age due to different life experiences

Question 47

Why are diseases linked to environmental exposure more difficult to track?

Answer 47

people respond very differently