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PSYC 2360 > Chapter 4/5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4/5 Flashcards

1
Q

What did human’s attribute epileptic seizures to in the past?

A

mystical or demonic causes

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2
Q

What did Galviani discover about electrical stimulation

A

Hypothesized that there was some type of electrical impulse that moved muscles. proven through electrical stimulation moving legs of dead frogs

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3
Q

what is a synapse

A

The connection between the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron

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4
Q

Cations

A

positively charged ions

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5
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions

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6
Q

what are the two gradients present which create electrical charge in neurons?

A

concentration gradient and voltage gradient

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7
Q

concentration gradient

A

movement from high to low concentration of an ion

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8
Q

voltage gradient

A

movement from high concentration of cations to low, in order to balance charge

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9
Q

why is the gradient highest on the membrane?

A

because only one ion can pass through and will diffuse down gradient, but is still attracted to opposite voltage so it was stick near membrane where it is close to opposite charged ion

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10
Q

where is the voltage gradient the greatest?

A

close to the membrane

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11
Q

which ion passes through an ungated channel into the cell

A

potassium

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12
Q

which ion is controlled by a gated channel to enter cell

A

sodium

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13
Q

what is the resting potential of a cell

A

-70 mV relative to the outside

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14
Q

at rest, is sodium or potassium concentration higher inside the cell?

A

potassium

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15
Q

what pump helps maintain the resting potential of a cell? how?

A

the sodium-potassium pump, by pumping 3 sodium out for every 2 potassium in, creating a net negative exchange

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16
Q

inhibitory signals

A

reduce the chance of an action potential

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17
Q

excitatory signal

A

increases the chance of an action potential

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18
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increasingly negative charge inside the cell via K+ exit and Cl- entrance

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19
Q

which makes a cell more stable: hyperpolarization or depolarization

A

hyperpolarization

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20
Q

depolarization

A

more positively charged due to influx of Na+

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21
Q

which gated channels open to cause an action potential?

A

Na+ voltage gated channels (floods into cell)

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22
Q

which gated channels open to end the action potential?

A

K+ gated channels (floods out of cell)

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23
Q

refractory period

A

transitory hyperpolarization which prevents the AP from going backwards or repeated AP’s

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24
Q

what part of the neuron does the AP begin at?

A

axon hillock

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25
Q

T/F the size of the action potential is maintained throughout the entire length of the axon

A

true

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26
Q

T/F the size of the action potential is dependent on the number of excitatory signals received

A

F - all or none at same size every time

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27
Q

saltatory conduction

A

for neurons with myelin - electrical signal jumps from gap to gap

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28
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential - encourages response

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29
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential - decreases chance of response

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30
Q

temporal summation

A

sum of signals close together - ex: two EPSP signal at same time produce greater effect

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31
Q

spatial summation

A

sum of signals close to each other on the membrane - ex: two EPSPs beside each other will produce greater effect than two on opposite sides, which would not add together

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32
Q

what area of the neuron to IPSPs and EPSPs have the greatest influence on

A

near the axon hillock

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33
Q

where is the origin point of the action potential

A

axon hillock

34
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

electrodes implanted in the brain to facilitate behaviour - used for parkinsons and brain disorders

35
Q

who discovered the first NT

A

Otto Loewi

36
Q

how was it proven that chemical signaling was also involved

A

through stimulation of the vagus nerve on frog hearts, then transfer of the liquid alone causing similar effects

37
Q

Which of the following is not a criteria for being a NT
1. chemical is created/present inside neuron
2. chemical produces response on target cell
3. chemical removal mechanism is present
4. can be artificially reproduce, with varied effects

A

4 - effect must be the same every time

38
Q

what triggers the release of synaptic vesicles

A

electrical signals

39
Q

where are NT produced in the cell?

A

in the cell body and transported or in the axon terminal

40
Q

storage granule

A

holds multiple synaptic vesicles

41
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

hold NT

42
Q

what helps transport vesicles throughout the cell

A

microtubules

43
Q

what are the 4 steps of neurotransmission

A
  1. synthesis of NT
  2. release of NT into synapse
  3. receptor action via binding on postsynaptic membrane
  4. inactivation of NT
44
Q

what ion triggers the release of NT into the synapse

A

Ca+

45
Q

autoreceptors

A

receptors of the axon terminal of presynaptic neuron that monitor NT levels to stop release

46
Q

what are the 2 ways to inactivate NT effect

A

reuptake into presynaptic neuron via channels or break down in synapse via enzymes

47
Q

agonist drug

A

enhances the effect of the NT

48
Q

antagonist drug

A

restricts/prevents the effect of the NT

49
Q

what are the various ways that agonist drugs work?

A

increasing NT production or release, stimulating receptors or blocking inactivation

50
Q

what are the various ways antagonist drugs work?

A

blocking NT release or receptors

51
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

receptors on postsynaptic cell that cause an immediate change in electrical charge of receiving cell

52
Q

how do ionotropic receptors work?

A

NT binds to receptor, which causes pore to open and ions to enter/leave the cell

53
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

receptors on the postsynaptic cell which have a slower, longer lasting effect on cell

54
Q

T/F Ionotropic, but not metabotropic receptors, have pores

A

T

55
Q

how do metabotropic receptors elicit a response

A

NT binds to receptor, which activates a G-protein. the G protein either elicits response directly on a channel or acts as a second messenger by attaching to an enzyme and activating other pathways

56
Q

What unit of the G-protein detaches?

A

alpha subunit

57
Q

If the G-protein enzyme are the second messengers, what is the first?

A

NT

58
Q

which type of receptors can travel deep into the nucleus of a cell and activate transcription/ translation?

A

metabotropic through secondary messengers

59
Q

what are the plastic changes that can occur from secondary messengers

A

structural changes from transcription and translation which strengthen the signals between the two neurons

60
Q

what are some examples of structural changes in neurons?

A

increased axonal transport, vesicles, terminal area
change in cleft size and density of vesicle contact zones

61
Q

neurotransmitter activating systems

A

a series of connected neural pathways where one specific NT dominates

62
Q

where are NTAS located?

A

cell bodies originate in brainstem or midbrain, axons extend throughout brain

63
Q

what are the four NTAS

A

Cholinergic (ACh)
dopaminergic
noradrenergic
serotonergic

64
Q

What NT is involved in memory and learning through mediation of attention

A

cholinergic NTAS

65
Q

what area of the brain is cholinergic

A

midbrain and basal forebrain

66
Q

which NT synapses directly against mucle

A

ACh

67
Q

what system slows the HR

A

cholinergic

68
Q

what are the two dopaminergic pathways

A

mesolimbic and nigrostriatal

69
Q

Where the the “reward center of the brain”

A

nucleus accumbens (forebrain), the mesolimbic pathway of the dopaminergic system

70
Q

dysregulation of what pathway leads to addictive behaviour

A

mesolimbic

71
Q

what dopaminergic pathway is involved in mediating moods and intentional actions

A

nigrostriatal pathway in the substantia nigra

72
Q

which system is damaged in parkinson’s

A

nigrostriatal pathway of the dopaminergic system

73
Q

which NTAS increases energy and heart rate (arousal)

A

noradrenergic

74
Q

what NTAS control moods/emotions and appetite/digestion

A

Serotonergic

75
Q

what happens if levels of serotonin are too high

A

hallucinations

76
Q

what are the two amino acid NTs

A

GABA and glutamate

77
Q

GABA

A

An inhibitory AANT the decreases the response of receiving cell and slow the system

78
Q

Glutamate

A

and excitatory AANT that increases the response of the receiving cell and is involved in almost every system in the body

79
Q

what is the most numerous NT in the body?

A

Glutamate

80
Q

endorphins

A

Peptide NT which relieves pain and increases pleasure

81
Q

what happens when you go into withdrawal from drugs that engage endorphins?

A

increased pain and negative feelings

PSYC 2360 (9 decks)

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