Chapter 2 Flashcards
Afferent signals
arriving to the brain (sensory)
efferent signals
exiting the brain (motor)
Somatic nervous system
controls conscious movement
autonomic nervous system
controls automatic functions like breathing and organ function
enteric nervous system
- part of ANS
- Digestion
What nerve is most involved in the enteric nervous system
vagus nerve
what emotions effect the enteric nervous system
stress and anxiety
which nervous system mediates behaviour
CNS
which nervous system transmits sensations and produces movement
SNS
which nervous system balances internal function
ANS
Sympathetic nervous system
- part of ANS
- arousing
parasympathetic nervous system
- part of ANS
- calming
which nervous system releases cortisol during stressful situations?
Sympathetic
What two areas to the sympathetic nerves originate from
Thoracic and Lumbar spinal regions
What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
increased HR, dilated pupils, glucose release, etc.
what effects occur from parasympathetic nervous system activation?
- facial nerve contracts pupils and stimulates saliva secretion
- vagus nerves slow HR, increase digestion, dilates vessels
What is the role of cranial nerves
responsible for all afferent signals of incoming stimuli
What are transmits sensory signals to the brain and sensory signals to extremities
spinal cord
spinal reflexes
reflexes that don’t require thinking for response to occur, only passes through spinal cord
what connects the two cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
what are the meninges in order from deep to superficial
- pia mater (thin)
- Arachnoid membrane
- dura mater (tough)
what is inside the subarachnoid space?
CSF
Choroid plexus
cluster of capillaries that produce CSF in the ventricles
hydrocephalus
overproduction of CSF causing inflammation in the brain
What are the little channels in the brain that absorb CSF?
Sinuses
What are the larger spaces in the brain that hold CSF
Ventricles
what are the two purposes of CSF
- protects brain
- removes waste as absorbed into bloodstream
What happens if blood and CSF mix?
hemorrhagic stroke - mix kills brain cells
Ischemic stroke
cells die due to lack of oxygen from lack of blood flow to area of brain
Histological brain study
postmortem brain slices to measure neuronal loss
CT scan
- computerized tomography
- x-ray passed through brain at different angle
- good ore tumors and hemorrhages
MRI
good for showing details of nervous tissue and differentiated cells
DTI
- Diffusion Tensor imaging
- detects movement of water molecules to show nerve fiber pathways
PET scan
- shows regional blood flow (via glucose), identifying active areas of the brain
- invasive, requires ingestion
fMRI
tracks oxygen flow while person carries out a task
near-infrared spectroscopy
non-invasive way of tracking blood flow in the brain, used in babies. shallow view of brain
Phrenology
brought forth the idea that there were different locations of the brain that were responsible for different things (personality)
temporal lobe
auditory, language, memory, taste, smell
frontal lobe roles
planning, organization, impulse and motor control
which lobe is associated with executive function
frontal lobe
After a car accident, John is confused, rude and says impulsive things. What area of the brain is likely damaged?
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
touch and spatial awareness (unconscious)
Mandy recently had a stroke and now struggles to do basic things she used to know, like using a fork and knife or tying her shoes. What area of her brain was likely damaged?
Parietal lobe
occipital lobe
visual processing
cerebellum
coordinates motor movements and has an effect on speech
what area of the brain is responsible for complex behaviours?
forebrain (cerebral cortex)
what area of the brain is responsible for basic survival-based behaviours like sleeping and breathing?
midbrain and brainstem
Name the regions of the brainstem from dorsal to ventral
- diencephalon
- midbrain
- hindbrain
which part of the hindbrain controls heartrate and breathing
medulla (ventral)
What area of the hindbrain control sleep and waking up
pons and reticular formation
T/F relative size of cerebellum is the same across animals
F - bigger = more complicated movement
What part of the midbrain allows you to control motor movements?
Substantia Nigra
What part of the midbrain moderates pain signals and sensation
Periaqueductal gray matter (PGM)
Which area of the midbrain is affected in Parkinsons disease
Substantia Nigra
What part of the midbrain receives and reflexively responds to visual input?
Superior colliculus of the tectum
What area of the midbrain receives auditory input that allows you to locate sounds
the inferior colliculus of the tectum
What area of the diencephalon is the sensory hub
Thalamus
What sensory signal does not travel through the thalamus
smell
what part of the diencephalon is responsible for the release of hormones
hypothalamus
basal ganglia
helps coordinate motor movement and force of movement
amygdala
allows identification of emotions and emotional expression
hippocampus
formation and storage of long term memories
what part of the brain forms the walls of the ventricles
basal ganglia
t/f Bigger brain size always means more neurons
false
T/F Higher neuron density in the brain = more connections and thus higher intelligence
T
