Chapter 2

Question 1

Afferent signals

Answer 1

arriving to the brain (sensory)

Question 2

efferent signals

Answer 2

exiting the brain (motor)

Question 3

Somatic nervous system

Answer 3

controls conscious movement

Question 4

autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

controls automatic functions like breathing and organ function

Question 5

enteric nervous system

Answer 5

• part of ANS
• Digestion

Question 6

What nerve is most involved in the enteric nervous system

Answer 6

vagus nerve

Question 7

what emotions effect the enteric nervous system

Answer 7

stress and anxiety

Question 8

which nervous system mediates behaviour

Answer 8

CNS

Question 9

which nervous system transmits sensations and produces movement

Answer 9

SNS

Question 10

which nervous system balances internal function

Answer 10

ANS

Question 11

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 11

• part of ANS
• arousing

Question 12

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 12

• part of ANS
• calming

Question 13

which nervous system releases cortisol during stressful situations?

Answer 13

Sympathetic

Question 14

What two areas to the sympathetic nerves originate from

Answer 14

Thoracic and Lumbar spinal regions

Question 15

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

increased HR, dilated pupils, glucose release, etc.

Question 16

what effects occur from parasympathetic nervous system activation?

Answer 16

• facial nerve contracts pupils and stimulates saliva secretion
• vagus nerves slow HR, increase digestion, dilates vessels

Question 17

What is the role of cranial nerves

Answer 17

responsible for all afferent signals of incoming stimuli

Question 18

What are transmits sensory signals to the brain and sensory signals to extremities

Answer 18

spinal cord

Question 19

spinal reflexes

Answer 19

reflexes that don’t require thinking for response to occur, only passes through spinal cord

Question 20

what connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 20

corpus callosum

Question 21

what are the meninges in order from deep to superficial

Answer 21

• pia mater (thin)
• Arachnoid membrane
• dura mater (tough)

Question 22

what is inside the subarachnoid space?

Answer 22

CSF

Question 23

Choroid plexus

Answer 23

cluster of capillaries that produce CSF in the ventricles

Question 24

hydrocephalus

Answer 24

overproduction of CSF causing inflammation in the brain

Question 25

What are the little channels in the brain that absorb CSF?

Answer 25

Sinuses

Question 26

What are the larger spaces in the brain that hold CSF

Answer 26

Ventricles

Question 27

what are the two purposes of CSF

Answer 27

- protects brain - removes waste as absorbed into bloodstream

Question 28

What happens if blood and CSF mix?

Answer 28

hemorrhagic stroke - mix kills brain cells

Question 29

Ischemic stroke

Answer 29

cells die due to lack of oxygen from lack of blood flow to area of brain

Question 30

Histological brain study

Answer 30

postmortem brain slices to measure neuronal loss

Question 31

CT scan

Answer 31

- computerized tomography - x-ray passed through brain at different angle - good ore tumors and hemorrhages

Question 32

MRI

Answer 32

good for showing details of nervous tissue and differentiated cells

Question 33

DTI

Answer 33

- Diffusion Tensor imaging - detects movement of water molecules to show nerve fiber pathways

Question 34

PET scan

Answer 34

- shows regional blood flow (via glucose), identifying active areas of the brain - invasive, requires ingestion

Question 35

fMRI

Answer 35

tracks oxygen flow while person carries out a task

Question 36

near-infrared spectroscopy

Answer 36

non-invasive way of tracking blood flow in the brain, used in babies. shallow view of brain

Question 37

Phrenology

Answer 37

brought forth the idea that there were different locations of the brain that were responsible for different things (personality)

Question 38

temporal lobe

Answer 38

auditory, language, memory, taste, smell

Question 39

frontal lobe roles

Answer 39

planning, organization, impulse and motor control

Question 40

which lobe is associated with executive function

Answer 40

frontal lobe

Question 41

After a car accident, John is confused, rude and says impulsive things. What area of the brain is likely damaged?

Answer 41

frontal lobe

Question 42

parietal lobe

Answer 42

touch and spatial awareness (unconscious)

Question 43

Mandy recently had a stroke and now struggles to do basic things she used to know, like using a fork and knife or tying her shoes. What area of her brain was likely damaged?

Answer 43

Parietal lobe

Question 44

occipital lobe

Answer 44

visual processing

Question 45

cerebellum

Answer 45

coordinates motor movements and has an effect on speech

Question 46

what area of the brain is responsible for complex behaviours?

Answer 46

forebrain (cerebral cortex)

Question 47

what area of the brain is responsible for basic survival-based behaviours like sleeping and breathing?

Answer 47

midbrain and brainstem

Question 48

Name the regions of the brainstem from dorsal to ventral

Answer 48

- diencephalon - midbrain - hindbrain

Question 49

which part of the hindbrain controls heartrate and breathing

Answer 49

medulla (ventral)

Question 50

What area of the hindbrain control sleep and waking up

Answer 50

pons and reticular formation

Question 51

T/F relative size of cerebellum is the same across animals

Answer 51

F - bigger = more complicated movement

Question 52

What part of the midbrain allows you to control motor movements?

Answer 52

Substantia Nigra

Question 53

What part of the midbrain moderates pain signals and sensation

Answer 53

Periaqueductal gray matter (PGM)

Question 54

Which area of the midbrain is affected in Parkinsons disease

Answer 54

Substantia Nigra

Question 55

What part of the midbrain receives and reflexively responds to visual input?

Answer 55

Superior colliculus of the tectum

Question 56

What area of the midbrain receives auditory input that allows you to locate sounds

Answer 56

the inferior colliculus of the tectum

Question 57

What area of the diencephalon is the sensory hub

Answer 57

Thalamus

Question 58

What sensory signal does not travel through the thalamus

Answer 58

smell

Question 59

what part of the diencephalon is responsible for the release of hormones

Answer 59

hypothalamus

Question 60

basal ganglia

Answer 60

helps coordinate motor movement and force of movement

Question 61

amygdala

Answer 61

allows identification of emotions and emotional expression

Question 62

hippocampus

Answer 62

formation and storage of long term memories

Question 63

what part of the brain forms the walls of the ventricles

Answer 63

basal ganglia

Question 64

t/f Bigger brain size always means more neurons

Answer 64

false

Question 65

T/F Higher neuron density in the brain = more connections and thus higher intelligence

Answer 65

T