health education and promotion Flashcards
according to _____:
“Health Education is a process that bridges the gap between ____ and _____.” - ________
President’s Committee on Health Education 1973
health information
health practice
Richard M. Nixon
briefly explain what is health education
to improve the knowledge and health literacy to promote better health by empowering individuals to implement what they learn
“Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.”
health promotion according to WHO
it is the law of the US government. briefly explain.
National Consumers on Health Information and Health Promotion Act in 1976
it provide accurate and easy-to-understand info abt the health = maintain their own health and prevent illness
what is the end point of public health
public policy making
5 actions of promote health
building health public policy
creating supportive environment
strengthening community action
reorienting health services
developing skills
health promotion core functions are to support ___, ___ and ___
individual
community
government
briefly explain the emphasis of health promotion
- strengthening health promotion capacity
- finances (provide fund & resources)
- infrastructure (like facilities to support health promo efforts) - heart equity assessment and response tool by promoting thru urban areas (identify and respond to factors that contri to health inequalities in urban areas)
- building other healthy setting and healthy island (like schools and communities )
- developing health literacy (educate indiv on making informed decisions abt their health)
it is the best and most used models in health education and promotion
precede-proceed
define
precede:
proceed:
precede: predisposing, reinforcing and enabling construct in an educational diagnosis and evaluation
proceed: policy, regulatory and organizational construct in education and environment development
what are the goals of
precede:
proceed:
precede: [step 1]
- generate objective - first 4 steps
- planning and policy making
proceed: [step 2]
- meet the objectives identified in precede phase - last 4 steps
- start with project implementation and diff evaluations
enumerate the steps in precede-procced model
- social assessment and situational analysis
- epidemiological assessment
- educational and ecological assessment
- intervention alignment and administrative and policy assessment
- implementation
- process evaluation
- impact evaluation
- outcome evaluation
briefly explain the first step of precede-proceed model: social assessment and situational analysis
first major step: data collection and situational assessment of the overall quality of life of the target popu
evaluate their current living conditions (diet, hygiene)
ask questions that might be related to factors that influence health and well being
briefly explain the second step of precede-proceed model: epidemiological assessment
- examine mortality and morbidity rates in the area
- ask specific qns to rank the most common disease
- identify health probs and determinants causing them by focusing on the 5D’s (death, disability, disease, discomfort and dissatisfaction)
- divide into descriptive epidemiology (where, when, who) and epidemiological analytical (how and when) to search qns that will relate to the target groups
briefly explain the category factors of the third step of precede-proceed model: educational and ecological assessment
predisposing factor:
factors like beleifs, values, knowledged, health edu and health literacy that motivate behavior change
reinforcing factor: factors like social support and feedback that encourage continued behaviour [feedback frm ppl tht will validate: ppl peers, direct families, coworkers and friends]
enabling factors: allow behavioral/ environmental change (resources, skills, access)
briefly explain the fourth step of precede-proceed model: intervention alignment and administrative and policy assessment
2 aspects:
1. intervention alignment:
assessing existing disease in the community if aligned with the current disease state (objectives)
- administrative and policy assessment:
identification of administrative (capabilities, resources that supports/ hinders the intervention) and policy factors (examines existing policies and regulations tht impacts - ex: sch policies, policy for data privacy)
= assess if hese budget ad resources, manpower affect the health program before implementation
diff specific polices related to popu
- deworming: meds to eliminate worms/ parasites
- newborn screening: early detection for newborns
- initiatives targeting soil transmitted helminths: caused by parasitic worms found in contaminated soil
briefly explain the fifth step of precede-proceed model: implementation
implement the intervention based on the previous assessments
consider the following:
resources, organizational structure, people, employees)
briefly explain the sixth step of precede-proceed model: process evaluation
conduct pre test and post test to evaluate the implementation process
[will be done at the start and end of the program implementation]
gather feedback from participants abt the program’s delivery - implementation
[same qns for pre and post & range from ez, moderate and hard qns]
briefly explain the seventh step of precede-proceed model: impact evaluation
short term impact
observe if there is any immediate changes in the behavior
evaluate how big is the impact of the intervention in the community
briefly explain the eighth step of precede-proceed model: outcome evaluation
assess long term impact of a health program
PATCH model stands for
planning approach to community health
MATCH model stands for
multi-level approach to community health
APEXPH model stands for
assessment protocol for excellence in public health
how many step planning model are in
precede-proceed model:
patch:
match:
apexph:
pen-3:
precede-proceed model: 8
patch: 5
match: 5
apexph: 3
pen-3: 4
who and when developed PATCH and and when was it released
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1970s
release in 1983
who introduced MATCH
Simons-Morton Greene and Gottlieb in the 1980s
who developed APEXPH
National Association of Country and City Health Officials (NACCHO) with funding with the CDC in the late 1980s
who developed PEN-3
Collins O. Airhihenbuwa was first introduced in 1989
briefly explain the PATCH model
it is mainly based on the PRECEDE phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, but differs in its approach to community mobilization
steps include planning, conducting and evaluating health promotion and programs
also create partnership among federal, state and local health agencies
briefly explain the basic concepts of PATCH
diffusion of effective strategies:
share n spread successful health promo strategies from one C to another
local ownership:
empower C to take ownership of health initiatives
vertical and horizontal network-
vertical network:
connections w higher lvl w federal and state agencies & local health departments
horizontal network:
collab and partnership of local health departments to neighboring local health departments
steps of PATCH
Step 1-Mobilizing the community:
address is identified, participants r recruited from the C, demographic profile of the C is complete
Step 2-Collecting and organizing the data:
5 suggested working grps
-mortality and morbidity data grp
- behavioral grp
- community opinion grp
- public relations grp
- evaluation grp
Step 3-Choosing health priorities ad target grps
Step 4-Choosing and conducting interventions:
develop interventions (action/ program to achieve desired outcome) b4 implementing health programs
Step 5-Evaluating the PATCH process and intervention:
- to monitor assess progress achieved
- evaluate interventions
briefly explain the MATCH model
limited participation of community members
incorporates findings from needs assessment, literature review theory and logic
what are the important concepts of MATCH
- incorporates ecological method:
it considers the multiple lvl of influence on health behaviors and outcomes
[intrapersonal>interpersonal process and pri grps>institutional/ organizational factors>C factors>physical enviro>public policy facotrs that affect health] - explicitly integrates theory with planning:
to ensure the program is based on evidence-based theories and principles rather than just intuition and assumption
what are the steps in MATCH
Step 1: Selection of health and behavioural goals
Step 2: Intervention planning
Step 3: Program development
Step 4: Program implementation
Step 5: Evaluation (3 levels of evaluation)
designed for local health departments to use voluntarily assess and improve their capacity and performance with the goal of leading their communities towards better overall health
APEX model
(it gives them a systematic way to:
- honestly assess themselves
- pinpoint areas for improvement
- create action plans
- leverage C partnership)
what are the unique features of APEXPH
self assessment tool:
evaluate themselves honestly and identify their own strength and weakness
applied plan of action:
develop a concrete plan of action
focused on local health department’s administrative capacity, structure and rrole in the community:
needs and operations of local health
customize to local situations and resources:
flexibility to address the realities faced in diff C
steps in APEXPH
Step 1: Organizational capacity assessment
- Internal review of the local health department is performed to improve the organizational performance
- Based on resources and funding
Step 2: Community process
- Identify and prioritize health probs based on gathered data
Step 3: Completing the cycle (of the implementation)
PEM-3 model is a 3 dimensional model that addresses ____, ____ and ____ that affects ___
cultural identity
cultural empowerment relationships and expectations
that affects the health behaviours of the community
what are the 3 cultural identity in the PEN-3 model
person
extended family
neighborhood
identify the relationship and expectations in the pen-3 model:
beliefs, attitudes, knowledge and values in cultural context can assist or inhibit an individual’s, family’s or community’s motivation to change health behaviour.
perception
identify the relationship and expectations in the pen-3 model:
cultural, societal, systematic, structural resources
Enablers
identify the relationship and expectations in the pen-3 model:
ppl close to the targeted indiv can nurture or reinforce the enactment of positive or negative behaviour change.
nurtures
briefly explain the 3 cultural empowerment in the pen-3 model
positive: positive “perceptions, enables and nurtures”
negative: negative “”
existential: neither good nor bad thus do not need to change
what are the steps in PEN-3 model
step 1: planner decides whether the health edu efforts is directed toward indivs, extended families or C
first dimension = cultural identity (determines who can influence on the health behavior of target population)
step 2: collect data and identify the beliefs and practices related to perception s, enablers and nurtures
second dimension =relationships and expectations
step 3: classify beliefs into 3 categories: +ve, -ve, existential
step 4: select appropriate strategies
(to implement the program based on gathered info)
this is a type of evaluation that measures the extent to which a program is delivered as it was conceptualized
process evaluation
- if activities are actually being carried out
- intended target audience is being reached
- resources are utilized
- if the program flow is being followed
what is the goal for the first step of APEX
to evaluate what organization is capable of achieving in future steps and then an action plan is made
what is the difference of PATCH and MATCH from PRECED-PROCEED model
PATCH- differs in the C mobilization (includes participation of the community)
MATCH- health educators is the center of implementation (centralized) - Being centralized means the health educators are the main drivers and decision-makers when it comes to implementing the program interventions.
briefly explain the difference between
PATCH -
MATCH -
APEXPH -
PEN3 -
PATCH - categorize behavioral factors (what drives/ prevent a particular behaviour)
MATCH - looks across multiple level of influence (multilvl is the intrapersonal, interpersonal etc)
APEXPH - culturally targeted for asian communities
PEN3 - cultural-centering for program promotion (understand the cultural context and design programs tht fit cultural reality & examines +ve and -ve perceptions, nurturing influences at personal, family and neighborhood level )
