health education and promotion

Question 1

according to _____:
“Health Education is a process that bridges the gap between ____ and _____.” - ________

Answer 1

President’s Committee on Health Education 1973
health information
health practice
Richard M. Nixon

Question 2

briefly explain what is health education

Answer 2

to improve the knowledge and health literacy to promote better health by empowering individuals to implement what they learn

Question 3

“Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.”

Answer 3

health promotion according to WHO

Question 4

it is the law of the US government. briefly explain.

Answer 4

National Consumers on Health Information and Health Promotion Act in 1976
it provide accurate and easy-to-understand info abt the health = maintain their own health and prevent illness

Question 5

what is the end point of public health

Answer 5

public policy making

Question 6

5 actions of promote health

Answer 6

building health public policy
creating supportive environment
strengthening community action
reorienting health services
developing skills

Question 7

health promotion core functions are to support ___, ___ and ___

Answer 7

individual
community
government

Question 8

briefly explain the emphasis of health promotion

Answer 8

1. strengthening health promotion capacity
   - finances (provide fund & resources)
   - infrastructure (like facilities to support health promo efforts)
2. heart equity assessment and response tool by promoting thru urban areas (identify and respond to factors that contri to health inequalities in urban areas)
3. building other healthy setting and healthy island (like schools and communities )
4. developing health literacy (educate indiv on making informed decisions abt their health)

Question 9

it is the best and most used models in health education and promotion

Answer 9

precede-proceed

Question 10

define
precede:
proceed:

Answer 10

precede: predisposing, reinforcing and enabling construct in an educational diagnosis and evaluation
proceed: policy, regulatory and organizational construct in education and environment development

Question 11

what are the goals of
precede:
proceed:

Answer 11

precede: [step 1]
- generate objective - first 4 steps
- planning and policy making
proceed: [step 2]
- meet the objectives identified in precede phase - last 4 steps
- start with project implementation and diff evaluations

Question 12

enumerate the steps in precede-procced model

Answer 12

1. social assessment and situational analysis
2. epidemiological assessment
3. educational and ecological assessment
4. intervention alignment and administrative and policy assessment
5. implementation
6. process evaluation
7. impact evaluation
8. outcome evaluation

Question 13

briefly explain the first step of precede-proceed model: social assessment and situational analysis

Answer 13

first major step: data collection and situational assessment of the overall quality of life of the target popu
evaluate their current living conditions (diet, hygiene)
ask questions that might be related to factors that influence health and well being

Question 14

briefly explain the second step of precede-proceed model: epidemiological assessment

Answer 14

• examine mortality and morbidity rates in the area
• ask specific qns to rank the most common disease
• identify health probs and determinants causing them by focusing on the 5D’s (death, disability, disease, discomfort and dissatisfaction)
• divide into descriptive epidemiology (where, when, who) and epidemiological analytical (how and when) to search qns that will relate to the target groups

Question 15

briefly explain the category factors of the third step of precede-proceed model: educational and ecological assessment

Answer 15

predisposing factor:
factors like beleifs, values, knowledged, health edu and health literacy that motivate behavior change

reinforcing factor: factors like social support and feedback that encourage continued behaviour [feedback frm ppl tht will validate: ppl peers, direct families, coworkers and friends]

enabling factors: allow behavioral/ environmental change (resources, skills, access)

Question 16

briefly explain the fourth step of precede-proceed model: intervention alignment and administrative and policy assessment

Answer 16

2 aspects:
1. intervention alignment:
assessing existing disease in the community if aligned with the current disease state (objectives)

2. administrative and policy assessment:
   identification of administrative (capabilities, resources that supports/ hinders the intervention) and policy factors (examines existing policies and regulations tht impacts - ex: sch policies, policy for data privacy)

= assess if hese budget ad resources, manpower affect the health program before implementation

diff specific polices related to popu
- deworming: meds to eliminate worms/ parasites
- newborn screening: early detection for newborns
- initiatives targeting soil transmitted helminths: caused by parasitic worms found in contaminated soil

Question 17

briefly explain the fifth step of precede-proceed model: implementation

Answer 17

implement the intervention based on the previous assessments
consider the following:
resources, organizational structure, people, employees)

Question 18

briefly explain the sixth step of precede-proceed model: process evaluation

Answer 18

conduct pre test and post test to evaluate the implementation process
[will be done at the start and end of the program implementation]

gather feedback from participants abt the program’s delivery - implementation
[same qns for pre and post & range from ez, moderate and hard qns]

Question 19

briefly explain the seventh step of precede-proceed model: impact evaluation

Answer 19

short term impact
observe if there is any immediate changes in the behavior
evaluate how big is the impact of the intervention in the community

Question 20

briefly explain the eighth step of precede-proceed model: outcome evaluation

Answer 20

assess long term impact of a health program

Question 21

PATCH model stands for

Answer 21

planning approach to community health

Question 22

MATCH model stands for

Answer 22

multi-level approach to community health

Question 23

APEXPH model stands for

Answer 23

assessment protocol for excellence in public health

Question 24

how many step planning model are in
precede-proceed model:
patch:
match:
apexph:
pen-3:

Answer 24

precede-proceed model: 8
patch: 5
match: 5
apexph: 3
pen-3: 4

Question 25

who and when developed PATCH and and when was it released

Answer 25

CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1970s
release in 1983

Question 26

who introduced MATCH

Answer 26

Simons-Morton Greene and Gottlieb in the 1980s

Question 27

who developed APEXPH

Answer 27

National Association of Country and City Health Officials (NACCHO) with funding with the CDC in the late 1980s

Question 28

who developed PEN-3

Answer 28

Collins O. Airhihenbuwa was first introduced in 1989

Question 29

briefly explain the PATCH model

Answer 29

it is mainly based on the PRECEDE phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, but differs in its approach to community mobilization

steps include planning, conducting and evaluating health promotion and programs

also create partnership among federal, state and local health agencies

Question 30

briefly explain the basic concepts of PATCH

Answer 30

diffusion of effective strategies:
share n spread successful health promo strategies from one C to another

local ownership:
empower C to take ownership of health initiatives

vertical and horizontal network-
vertical network:
connections w higher lvl w federal and state agencies & local health departments

horizontal network:
collab and partnership of local health departments to neighboring local health departments

Question 31

steps of PATCH

Answer 31

Step 1-Mobilizing the community:
address is identified, participants r recruited from the C, demographic profile of the C is complete

Step 2-Collecting and organizing the data:
5 suggested working grps
-mortality and morbidity data grp
- behavioral grp
- community opinion grp
- public relations grp
- evaluation grp

Step 3-Choosing health priorities ad target grps

Step 4-Choosing and conducting interventions:
develop interventions (action/ program to achieve desired outcome) b4 implementing health programs

Step 5-Evaluating the PATCH process and intervention:
- to monitor assess progress achieved
- evaluate interventions

Question 32

briefly explain the MATCH model

Answer 32

limited participation of community members
incorporates findings from needs assessment, literature review theory and logic

Question 33

what are the important concepts of MATCH

Answer 33

1. incorporates ecological method:
   it considers the multiple lvl of influence on health behaviors and outcomes
   [intrapersonal>interpersonal process and pri grps>institutional/ organizational factors>C factors>physical enviro>public policy facotrs that affect health]
2. explicitly integrates theory with planning:
   to ensure the program is based on evidence-based theories and principles rather than just intuition and assumption

Question 34

what are the steps in MATCH

Answer 34

Step 1: Selection of health and behavioural goals
Step 2: Intervention planning
Step 3: Program development
Step 4: Program implementation
Step 5: Evaluation (3 levels of evaluation)

Question 35

designed for local health departments to use voluntarily assess and improve their capacity and performance with the goal of leading their communities towards better overall health

Answer 35

APEX model

(it gives them a systematic way to:
- honestly assess themselves
- pinpoint areas for improvement
- create action plans
- leverage C partnership)

Question 36

what are the unique features of APEXPH

Answer 36

self assessment tool:
evaluate themselves honestly and identify their own strength and weakness

applied plan of action:
develop a concrete plan of action

focused on local health department’s administrative capacity, structure and rrole in the community:
needs and operations of local health

customize to local situations and resources:
flexibility to address the realities faced in diff C

Question 37

steps in APEXPH

Answer 37

Step 1: Organizational capacity assessment
- Internal review of the local health department is performed to improve the organizational performance
- Based on resources and funding
Step 2: Community process
- Identify and prioritize health probs based on gathered data
Step 3: Completing the cycle (of the implementation)

Question 38

PEM-3 model is a 3 dimensional model that addresses ____, ____ and ____ that affects ___

Answer 38

cultural identity
cultural empowerment relationships and expectations
that affects the health behaviours of the community

Question 39

what are the 3 cultural identity in the PEN-3 model

Answer 39

person
extended family
neighborhood

Question 40

identify the relationship and expectations in the pen-3 model:
beliefs, attitudes, knowledge and values in cultural context can assist or inhibit an individual’s, family’s or community’s motivation to change health behaviour.

Answer 40

perception

Question 41

identify the relationship and expectations in the pen-3 model:
cultural, societal, systematic, structural resources

Answer 41

Enablers

Question 42

identify the relationship and expectations in the pen-3 model:
ppl close to the targeted indiv can nurture or reinforce the enactment of positive or negative behaviour change.

Answer 42

nurtures

Question 43

briefly explain the 3 cultural empowerment in the pen-3 model

Answer 43

positive: positive “perceptions, enables and nurtures”
negative: negative “”
existential: neither good nor bad thus do not need to change

Question 44

what are the steps in PEN-3 model

Answer 44

step 1: planner decides whether the health edu efforts is directed toward indivs, extended families or C
first dimension = cultural identity (determines who can influence on the health behavior of target population)

step 2: collect data and identify the beliefs and practices related to perception s, enablers and nurtures
second dimension =relationships and expectations

step 3: classify beliefs into 3 categories: +ve, -ve, existential

step 4: select appropriate strategies
(to implement the program based on gathered info)

Question 45

this is a type of evaluation that measures the extent to which a program is delivered as it was conceptualized

Answer 45

process evaluation
- if activities are actually being carried out
- intended target audience is being reached
- resources are utilized
- if the program flow is being followed

Question 46

what is the goal for the first step of APEX

Answer 46

to evaluate what organization is capable of achieving in future steps and then an action plan is made

Question 47

what is the difference of PATCH and MATCH from PRECED-PROCEED model

Answer 47

PATCH- differs in the C mobilization (includes participation of the community)
MATCH- health educators is the center of implementation (centralized) - Being centralized means the health educators are the main drivers and decision-makers when it comes to implementing the program interventions.

Question 48

briefly explain the difference between
PATCH -
MATCH -
APEXPH -
PEN3 -

Answer 48

PATCH - categorize behavioral factors (what drives/ prevent a particular behaviour)
MATCH - looks across multiple level of influence (multilvl is the intrapersonal, interpersonal etc)
APEXPH - culturally targeted for asian communities
PEN3 - cultural-centering for program promotion (understand the cultural context and design programs tht fit cultural reality & examines +ve and -ve perceptions, nurturing influences at personal, family and neighborhood level )