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2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LAB) > disease prevention and control > Flashcards

disease prevention and control Flashcards

1
Q

reducing the likelihood that a disease or disorder will affect an individual

A

prevention and control

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2
Q

define prevention and control according to WHO 2004

A

interrupting or slowing the progress of disorder or reducing the disability

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3
Q

objectives of prevention and control

A

reduce the magnitude of disease
completely eradicate of disease

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4
Q

how to reduce the magnitude of disease

A

prevent occurrence (healthy lifestyle, vaccination, vitamins)
arrest progress (medicine)
reduce consequences (physical therapy or rehabilitation)

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5
Q

what are the coverage of prevention and control

A

disease/ health problems
health determinants

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6
Q

any harmful deviation from normal structural or functional state of organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury.

A

disease/ health problems

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7
Q

the range of personal, social, economic and enviro factors that influence health status.

A

health determinants

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8
Q

health determinants are the range of ____, ____, ____ and ____ factors that influence ________.

A

personal
social
economic
environmental factors
health status

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of disease

A

communicable disease
non-communicable disease
injury or trauma
mental health

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10
Q

differentiate between communicable disease and non-communicable disease
(with examples)

A

communicable disease - infectious (TB, covid)
non-communicable disease - chronic (osteoarthritis)

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11
Q

examples of injury and trauma

A

physical injury - wounds, fractures
trauma - accidents, violence, harassment, divorce, natural disasters

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12
Q

define trauma

A

emotional response from a terrible event

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13
Q

how to know if one has trauma?

A

unpredictable behavior
strained relationship with other people

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14
Q

define mental health

A

state of mental

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15
Q

how to know if one has a good mental health?

A

able to analyze abilities
able to work productively
able to cope with normal stresses in life
able to contribute to the community

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16
Q

what are the determinants of health

A

Social factors (social or physical determinants)
Health services
Individual behavior
Policy making
Biology and genetics

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17
Q

identify the determinants of health:
reflect the social factors and physical conditions of the environment in which ppl r born, live, learn, play, work and age.

A

social factors

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18
Q

identify the determinants of health:
access to health service and the quality of health services and impact health

A

health services

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19
Q

identify the determinants of health:
age, sex and gender

A

biology and genetics

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20
Q

identify the determinants of health:
policies at the local state and federal level affect individual and population health

A

policy making

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21
Q

the social factors in the determinants of health reflects the social factors and physical conditions of the environment in which ppl are ____, ____, ____, ____, ____ and ____

A

born, live, learn. play, work and age

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22
Q

the extent of the area or subject matter that smthing deals with or to which it is relevant

A

the scope of prevention and control

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23
Q

briefly explain the scope of prevention and control in individual and community-wide level

A

in individual level - chemoprophylaxis (take meds), immunization, health edu, lifestyle changes = prevent disease
in community-wide - limit the spread of existing disease. like safe water, proper disposal, health programs
1. elimination - in individual level - no incidence locally/regionally
2. eradication - no incidence on a global scale

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24
Q

briefly explain the guiding principles

A

understand the disease
1. natural history of the disease
2. disease causation model
recognize the focus of infection
1. high risk groups - they have a much higher chance in developing disease

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25
Q

it is the course of a disease takes in individual ppl from its eventful resolution thru complete recovery or death

A

natural history of disease

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26
Q

it states that an external agent can cause disease on a susceptible host when there is a conducive environment

A

disease causation model - epidemiological triad

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27
Q

explain how to know if the determinants of health is successful

A

Knowledge of the causation
Dynamics of transmission [chain of infection]
Identification of risk factors and risk groups
Availability of prophylactic (steps to prevent disease, meds) / early detection and treatment measures
Organization for applying these measures to individual/ grps
Continuous evaluation and development of procedures applied

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28
Q

briefly explain infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence

A

infectivity - spread between hosts
pathogenicity - potential to cause illness (ability to make you sick)
virulence - severity of disease

29
Q

refers to the proportion of exposed person who bcm infected

A

infectivity

30
Q

refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease

A

pathogenicity

31
Q

refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal

A

virulence

32
Q

briefly explain the natural history of disease

A

stage of susceptibility: healthy individual but vulnerable to get sick bcs of genetics, age, exposure
stage of subclinical disease: disease start silently without symptoms
stage of clinical disease: shows symptoms and diagnosis are made
stage of recovery, disability or death: the disease process end in either recover, disability or death

33
Q

what is the term of no symptoms yet

A

asymptomatic stage

34
Q

preventable cause of disease

A

Behavioral and biological factors (alcohol, smoking, lack of PA, protected se)
Environmental factor (air, eater, soil pollution)
Genetic factors (detect thru screening)
Immunologic factors (vaccination)
Nutritional factors (diets, healthy meals)
Services, social factors and spiritual factors (income, heath edu)

35
Q

types of disease causation model used for
communicable disease -
non-communicable disease -

A

communicable disease - epidemiological factor
non-communicable disease - casual pie

36
Q

it is the model for the transmission of infectious disease that links the factor of agent, host and environment that are responsible for this transmission

A

epidemiological triad

37
Q

in the epidemiological triad,
human capable of developing disease/an organism, usually human or animal, that harbors the disease

A

host

38
Q

in the epidemiological triad,
Biological organisms capable of causing disease/cause of the disease

A

agent

39
Q

in the epidemiological triad,
the favorable surroundings and conditions external to the human or animal that cause or allow the disease or allow disease transmission

A

environment

40
Q

living organism or inanimate matter in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies on which the agent depends primarily for survival

A

reservoir

41
Q

briefly explain the 2 factors of environment in epidemiological triad

A

intermediary agent of transmission = brings agent and host tgt (ex: doorknobs and utensils)
reservoir = foster the survival of agent (ex: physical, animal, insect))

42
Q

it represents all sufficient cause of a particular disease

A

casual pie

43
Q

identify the cause in the casual pie:
a disease cannot develop in its absence. must be present in all casual pies

A

necessary cause

44
Q

identify the cause in the casual pie:
a cause is termed sufficient when it inevitably produces or initiates a disease.

A

sufficient cause

45
Q

identify the cause in the casual pie:
any conditions which are necessary for the completion of a sufficient cause

A

component cause

46
Q

necessary cause in casual pie is present in _____ disease but not in ______ disease

A

communicable disease
non-communicable disease

47
Q

it is the cause of disease consists of a constellation of components that act in concert to produce disease

A

sufficient component disease model

48
Q

briefly explain with examples
necessary cause -
sufficient cause -
component cause -

A

necessary cause - must be present for all (ex: specific virus = viral infection)
sufficient cause - combi of cause = inevitably leads to diseases (ex: smoking, genetic, air pollution = lung cancer)
component cause - individual factor that contribute to disease (ex: speeding/ poor eyesight + car accident)

49
Q

what are the strategies of prevention

A

Risk assessment
Apply interventions
Evaluate interventions
Monitor intervention

50
Q

identify the level of prevention:
involves the development and implementation of policies or guidelines to prevent the risk factor environment

A

primordial

51
Q

identify the level of prevention:
prevention of disease before its onset

A

primary

52
Q

identify the level of prevention:
control risk factors, remove the precipitating causes and disease determinants, eliminate or reduce the host

A

primary

53
Q

identify the level of prevention:
handwashing

A

primary

54
Q

identify the level of prevention:
early and asymptomatic detection and remediation of certain diseases and conditions

A

secondary

55
Q

identify the level of prevention:
reeducating, retraining, rehabilitation

A

tertiary

56
Q

identify the level of prevention:
prevent or minimize complications after overt clinical diseases are manifest

A

tertiary

57
Q

what is the difference between sterilization and disinfection

A

Sterilization: destruction of all forms of life including bacterial spores
Disinfection: elimination of defined scope of microorganisms including some spores

58
Q

factors affecting the success of preventive and control measures

A

Resources
Acceptance of measures by population
Features of the infectious agent, disease, host

59
Q

How to completely eradicate disease

A

Rehabilitation
Physical therapy

60
Q

This process begins with the appropriate exposure to or accumulation of factors sufficient for the disease process to begin in a susceptible host

A

Stage of susceptibility

61
Q

It extends from the time of exposure to the onset of disease symptoms

A

Stage of subclinical disease

62
Q

It is the combination of program elements or strategies designed to produce behavior changes or improve health status among individuals

A

Intervention

63
Q

Pasteurization of milk and how long

A

63 degree Celsius for 30min (batch method)

64
Q

Secondary prevention in

A

Communicable: serology testing
Non-communicable: hypertension

65
Q

what are the preventive measures when
1. Agents when in reservoir
2. Agents when in transit in a new host

A
  1. Eliminate reservoir
    Limit movement (quarantine / isolation)
    2.
    Vectors
    Vehicles
66
Q

It is the separation for a period communicabilty of infected person

A

Isolation

67
Q

Limit the movement of a well-person for a period not longer than the infected period

A

Quarantine

68
Q

Briefly explain vectors and vehicles and how to prevent these measures

A

Vector: insects, arthropods and animals.
Chemical control, environmental and biological

Vehicle:air, water, food, utensils.
Provision of safe and adequate water, proper sewage and water disposal, food and dairy consumption

69
Q

Briefly explain the susceptible population in specific measures and non-specific measures

A

Specific: target high risk group for defined disease

Non-specific: apply to general population w/o focusing on specific risk group

Both : reduces the total disease burden on both high risk and general populations

2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LAB) (10 decks)

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