disease prevention and control Flashcards
reducing the likelihood that a disease or disorder will affect an individual
prevention and control
define prevention and control according to WHO 2004
interrupting or slowing the progress of disorder or reducing the disability
objectives of prevention and control
reduce the magnitude of disease
completely eradicate of disease
how to reduce the magnitude of disease
prevent occurrence (healthy lifestyle, vaccination, vitamins)
arrest progress (medicine)
reduce consequences (physical therapy or rehabilitation)
what are the coverage of prevention and control
disease/ health problems
health determinants
any harmful deviation from normal structural or functional state of organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury.
disease/ health problems
the range of personal, social, economic and enviro factors that influence health status.
health determinants
health determinants are the range of ____, ____, ____ and ____ factors that influence ________.
personal
social
economic
environmental factors
health status
what are the 4 types of disease
communicable disease
non-communicable disease
injury or trauma
mental health
differentiate between communicable disease and non-communicable disease
(with examples)
communicable disease - infectious (TB, covid)
non-communicable disease - chronic (osteoarthritis)
examples of injury and trauma
physical injury - wounds, fractures
trauma - accidents, violence, harassment, divorce, natural disasters
define trauma
emotional response from a terrible event
how to know if one has trauma?
unpredictable behavior
strained relationship with other people
define mental health
state of mental
how to know if one has a good mental health?
able to analyze abilities
able to work productively
able to cope with normal stresses in life
able to contribute to the community
what are the determinants of health
Social factors (social or physical determinants)
Health services
Individual behavior
Policy making
Biology and genetics
identify the determinants of health:
reflect the social factors and physical conditions of the environment in which ppl r born, live, learn, play, work and age.
social factors
identify the determinants of health:
access to health service and the quality of health services and impact health
health services
identify the determinants of health:
age, sex and gender
biology and genetics
identify the determinants of health:
policies at the local state and federal level affect individual and population health
policy making
the social factors in the determinants of health reflects the social factors and physical conditions of the environment in which ppl are ____, ____, ____, ____, ____ and ____
born, live, learn. play, work and age
the extent of the area or subject matter that smthing deals with or to which it is relevant
the scope of prevention and control
briefly explain the scope of prevention and control in individual and community-wide level
in individual level - chemoprophylaxis (take meds), immunization, health edu, lifestyle changes = prevent disease
in community-wide - limit the spread of existing disease. like safe water, proper disposal, health programs
1. elimination - in individual level - no incidence locally/regionally
2. eradication - no incidence on a global scale
briefly explain the guiding principles
understand the disease
1. natural history of the disease
2. disease causation model
recognize the focus of infection
1. high risk groups - they have a much higher chance in developing disease
it is the course of a disease takes in individual ppl from its eventful resolution thru complete recovery or death
natural history of disease
it states that an external agent can cause disease on a susceptible host when there is a conducive environment
disease causation model - epidemiological triad
explain how to know if the determinants of health is successful
Knowledge of the causation
Dynamics of transmission [chain of infection]
Identification of risk factors and risk groups
Availability of prophylactic (steps to prevent disease, meds) / early detection and treatment measures
Organization for applying these measures to individual/ grps
Continuous evaluation and development of procedures applied
briefly explain infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence
infectivity - spread between hosts
pathogenicity - potential to cause illness (ability to make you sick)
virulence - severity of disease
refers to the proportion of exposed person who bcm infected
infectivity
refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease
pathogenicity
refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal
virulence
briefly explain the natural history of disease
stage of susceptibility: healthy individual but vulnerable to get sick bcs of genetics, age, exposure
stage of subclinical disease: disease start silently without symptoms
stage of clinical disease: shows symptoms and diagnosis are made
stage of recovery, disability or death: the disease process end in either recover, disability or death
what is the term of no symptoms yet
asymptomatic stage
preventable cause of disease
Behavioral and biological factors (alcohol, smoking, lack of PA, protected se)
Environmental factor (air, eater, soil pollution)
Genetic factors (detect thru screening)
Immunologic factors (vaccination)
Nutritional factors (diets, healthy meals)
Services, social factors and spiritual factors (income, heath edu)
types of disease causation model used for
communicable disease -
non-communicable disease -
communicable disease - epidemiological factor
non-communicable disease - casual pie
it is the model for the transmission of infectious disease that links the factor of agent, host and environment that are responsible for this transmission
epidemiological triad
in the epidemiological triad,
human capable of developing disease/an organism, usually human or animal, that harbors the disease
host
in the epidemiological triad,
Biological organisms capable of causing disease/cause of the disease
agent
in the epidemiological triad,
the favorable surroundings and conditions external to the human or animal that cause or allow the disease or allow disease transmission
environment
living organism or inanimate matter in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies on which the agent depends primarily for survival
reservoir
briefly explain the 2 factors of environment in epidemiological triad
intermediary agent of transmission = brings agent and host tgt (ex: doorknobs and utensils)
reservoir = foster the survival of agent (ex: physical, animal, insect))
it represents all sufficient cause of a particular disease
casual pie
identify the cause in the casual pie:
a disease cannot develop in its absence. must be present in all casual pies
necessary cause
identify the cause in the casual pie:
a cause is termed sufficient when it inevitably produces or initiates a disease.
sufficient cause
identify the cause in the casual pie:
any conditions which are necessary for the completion of a sufficient cause
component cause
necessary cause in casual pie is present in _____ disease but not in ______ disease
communicable disease
non-communicable disease
it is the cause of disease consists of a constellation of components that act in concert to produce disease
sufficient component disease model
briefly explain with examples
necessary cause -
sufficient cause -
component cause -
necessary cause - must be present for all (ex: specific virus = viral infection)
sufficient cause - combi of cause = inevitably leads to diseases (ex: smoking, genetic, air pollution = lung cancer)
component cause - individual factor that contribute to disease (ex: speeding/ poor eyesight + car accident)
what are the strategies of prevention
Risk assessment
Apply interventions
Evaluate interventions
Monitor intervention
identify the level of prevention:
involves the development and implementation of policies or guidelines to prevent the risk factor environment
primordial
identify the level of prevention:
prevention of disease before its onset
primary
identify the level of prevention:
control risk factors, remove the precipitating causes and disease determinants, eliminate or reduce the host
primary
identify the level of prevention:
handwashing
primary
identify the level of prevention:
early and asymptomatic detection and remediation of certain diseases and conditions
secondary
identify the level of prevention:
reeducating, retraining, rehabilitation
tertiary
identify the level of prevention:
prevent or minimize complications after overt clinical diseases are manifest
tertiary
what is the difference between sterilization and disinfection
Sterilization: destruction of all forms of life including bacterial spores
Disinfection: elimination of defined scope of microorganisms including some spores
factors affecting the success of preventive and control measures
Resources
Acceptance of measures by population
Features of the infectious agent, disease, host
How to completely eradicate disease
Rehabilitation
Physical therapy
This process begins with the appropriate exposure to or accumulation of factors sufficient for the disease process to begin in a susceptible host
Stage of susceptibility
It extends from the time of exposure to the onset of disease symptoms
Stage of subclinical disease
It is the combination of program elements or strategies designed to produce behavior changes or improve health status among individuals
Intervention
Pasteurization of milk and how long
63 degree Celsius for 30min (batch method)
Secondary prevention in
Communicable: serology testing
Non-communicable: hypertension
what are the preventive measures when
1. Agents when in reservoir
2. Agents when in transit in a new host
- Eliminate reservoir
Limit movement (quarantine / isolation)
2.
Vectors
Vehicles
It is the separation for a period communicabilty of infected person
Isolation
Limit the movement of a well-person for a period not longer than the infected period
Quarantine
Briefly explain vectors and vehicles and how to prevent these measures
Vector: insects, arthropods and animals.
Chemical control, environmental and biological
Vehicle:air, water, food, utensils.
Provision of safe and adequate water, proper sewage and water disposal, food and dairy consumption
Briefly explain the susceptible population in specific measures and non-specific measures
Specific: target high risk group for defined disease
Non-specific: apply to general population w/o focusing on specific risk group
Both : reduces the total disease burden on both high risk and general populations
