epidemiology

Question 1

what is epidemiology in Greek words
epi =
demos =
logy =

Answer 1

epi = upon
demos = people
logy = study

Question 2

“Branch of medical services which treats epidemics.”

Answer 2

J.P. Parkin 1873

Question 3

“The study of the distribution and determinants of diseases frequency in men”

Answer 3

McMahon & Pugh 1970

Question 4

“Scientific study of the distribution and determinants of health-related state or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems”

Answer 4

John Last 2001

Question 5

variables which help to measure changes -according to WHO

Answer 5

health indicators

Question 6

how are health indicators used

Answer 6

used in determining factors that contribute to the causation and control of disease
identify public health probs and needs
indicate priorities for resources allocation
monitor and evaluate health programs

Question 7

what are the 3 basic mathematical tool in epidemiology

Answer 7

rate
ratio
proportion

Question 8

it measures the occurrence of a particular event (disease, disability, death, birth) in a given population during a given period of time

Answer 8

rate

Question 9

it is the relation in magnitude between 2 random quantities

Answer 9

ratio

Question 10

the relationship of a part of a whole

Answer 10

proportion

Question 11

formula of ratio

Answer 11

x/y

Question 12

formula of rate

Answer 12

[a/ (a+b)t]c

Question 13

formula of proportion

Answer 13

[a/ (atb)]c

Question 14

what basic mathematical tool in epidemiology where the multiplier is always 100

Answer 14

proportion

Question 15

measures how fast people are added to the population through births

Answer 15

crude birth rate

Question 16

more specific than CBR since birth are related to the segment of the population deemed capable of giving birth

Answer 16

general fertility rate

Question 17

it is the simplest measure of mortality and shows how fast mortality occurs in a given population

Answer 17

crude death rate

Question 18

rates which measures the force of mortality in specific subgrp of population

Answer 18

cause-specific death rate

Question 19

in the cause-specific death rate what type of rates which measures the force of mortality in specific subgrp of population are …

Answer 19

sex specific
occupation specific
cause specific
age specific

Question 20

it measures how much the afflicted die from the disease

Answer 20

case fatality rate

Question 21

the deaths of children who are less than 1 years old

Answer 21

infant mortality rate

Question 22

in infant mortality rate, this include deaths in the first 28 days of life

Answer 22

neonatal mortality rate

Question 23

in infant mortality rate, this includes deaths in the first 28 days of life but before 1 year

Answer 23

post-neonatal mortality rate

Question 24

it measures the occurrence of maternal deaths

Answer 24

maternal mortality rate

Question 25

it measures the period dying before reaching age of 5

Answer 25

under 5 mortality rate

Question 26

it is the proportion of total deaths that reduce to a specific cause

Answer 26

proportionate mortality rate/ratio

Question 27

it is defined as the no. of new cases occupying in a specific population during aspect of time period. it also estimates the probability the risk of developing a disease

Answer 27

Incidence rate

Question 28

an exposed person developing the disease (an infectious disease will spread from an infected person to their close contact)

Answer 28

Secondary attack rate

Question 29

existing case of a disease. incidence and probability of surviving with disease

Answer 29

Prevalence rate

Question 30

advantages of graphical presentation

Answer 30

simpler to read and appeal to greater no. of people than tables significant trends/ patterns can easily stand out emphasize certain aspects of the data offer a wide point of view of the data set

Question 31

it shows how a whole is divided into its component parts through the use of wedge shapes figures

Answer 31

pie chart

Question 32

pie chart shows the break down of ____, ____ and ____

Answer 32

finances expenses budget

Question 33

what factor is used to compute for the areas taken by each component in pie chart

Answer 33

3.6

Question 34

the pie chart is the area of each wedge or 'slice' is proportional to the _______ of the component to the _______

Answer 34

relative contribution whole pie

Question 35

this type of graph is an alternative to pie chart

Answer 35

component bar diagram

Question 36

this type of graph can compare the composition of 2 or more groups

Answer 36

component bar diagram

Question 37

portray absolute or relative frequencies, population rates or other numerical measurements across the categories of a qualitative variable or a discrete quantitative variable

Answer 37

bar graph

Question 38

used for comparing data between classifications/ categories

Answer 38

bar graph

Question 39

this type of graph can be drawn horizontally or vertically

Answer 39

bar graph

Question 40

this type of graph is the graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous quantitative variables

Answer 40

histogram

Question 41

this type of graph can be drawn instead of histogram

Answer 41

frequency polygon

Question 42

this type of graph is used if 2 or more distribution are to be depicted in a single bar graph

Answer 42

frequency polygon

Question 43

this type of graph can easily see the trend

Answer 43

line graph

Question 44

this type of graph is primarily intended to potray trends

Answer 44

line graphs

Question 45

this type of graph shows the relationship between 2 quantitative variables

Answer 45

scatterplot

Question 46

scatterplot gives a rough estimate of the type and degree of ____ between the ____

Answer 46

correlation variables

Question 47

this type of graph is able to see the distribution

Answer 47

scatterplot

Question 48

true or false: every graph should be self explanatory

Answer 48

true

Question 49

true or false: vertical scale can start with any no.

Answer 49

false - should alw start with 0

Question 50

true or false: use of color in graph is for emphasis only

Answer 50

false - it is to also differentiate btwn items in a diagram and can be restored and wld appeal to the presentation

Question 51

in pointers in the construction of graph, a graph should be ___, ___, ___ to the basic data shld be adhered to

Answer 51

neat businesslike quality faithfulness

Question 52

true or false: scales should be properly labeled

Answer 52

true

Question 53

in pointers in the construction of graph, horizontal scale should be represented with ____, ____ and ____

Answer 53

frequencies absolute relative counts

Question 54

in pointers in the construction of graph, if there are trend lines and curves in the chart, they should be properly identified by ____ or a ____

Answer 54

legends or labels

Question 55

in pointers in the construction of graph, ____ and ____ may be used in graph to guide the eye

Answer 55

grids and guide rulings