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2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LAB) > epidemiology > Flashcards

epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is epidemiology in Greek words
epi =
demos =
logy =

A

epi = upon
demos = people
logy = study

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2
Q

“Branch of medical services which treats epidemics.”

A

J.P. Parkin 1873

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3
Q

“The study of the distribution and determinants of diseases frequency in men”

A

McMahon & Pugh 1970

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4
Q

“Scientific study of the distribution and determinants of health-related state or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems”

A

John Last 2001

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5
Q

variables which help to measure changes -according to WHO

A

health indicators

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6
Q

how are health indicators used

A

used in determining factors that contribute to the causation and control of disease
identify public health probs and needs
indicate priorities for resources allocation
monitor and evaluate health programs

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7
Q

what are the 3 basic mathematical tool in epidemiology

A

rate
ratio
proportion

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8
Q

it measures the occurrence of a particular event (disease, disability, death, birth) in a given population during a given period of time

A

rate

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9
Q

it is the relation in magnitude between 2 random quantities

A

ratio

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10
Q

the relationship of a part of a whole

A

proportion

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11
Q

formula of ratio

A

x/y

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12
Q

formula of rate

A

[a/ (a+b)t]c

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13
Q

formula of proportion

A

[a/ (atb)]c

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14
Q

what basic mathematical tool in epidemiology where the multiplier is always 100

A

proportion

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15
Q

measures how fast people are added to the population through births

A

crude birth rate

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16
Q

more specific than CBR since birth are related to the segment of the population deemed capable of giving birth

A

general fertility rate

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17
Q

it is the simplest measure of mortality and shows how fast mortality occurs in a given population

A

crude death rate

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18
Q

rates which measures the force of mortality in specific subgrp of population

A

cause-specific death rate

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19
Q

in the cause-specific death rate what type of rates which measures the force of mortality in specific subgrp of population are …

A

sex specific
occupation specific
cause specific
age specific

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20
Q

it measures how much the afflicted die from the disease

A

case fatality rate

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21
Q

the deaths of children who are less than 1 years old

A

infant mortality rate

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22
Q

in infant mortality rate, this include deaths in the first 28 days of life

A

neonatal mortality rate

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23
Q

in infant mortality rate, this includes deaths in the first 28 days of life but before 1 year

A

post-neonatal mortality rate

24
Q

it measures the occurrence of maternal deaths

A

maternal mortality rate

25
Q

it measures the period dying before reaching age of 5

A

under 5 mortality rate

26
Q

it is the proportion of total deaths that reduce to a specific cause

A

proportionate mortality rate/ratio

27
Q

it is defined as the no. of new cases occupying in a specific population during aspect of time period. it also estimates the probability the risk of developing a disease

A

Incidence rate

28
Q

an exposed person developing the disease (an infectious disease will spread from an infected person to their close contact)

A

Secondary attack rate

29
Q

existing case of a disease. incidence and probability of surviving with disease

A

Prevalence rate

30
Q

advantages of graphical presentation

A

simpler to read and appeal to greater no. of people than tables
significant trends/ patterns can easily stand out
emphasize certain aspects of the data
offer a wide point of view of the data set

31
Q

it shows how a whole is divided into its component parts through the use of wedge shapes figures

A

pie chart

32
Q

pie chart shows the break down of ____, ____ and ____

A

finances
expenses
budget

33
Q

what factor is used to compute for the areas taken by each component in pie chart

A

3.6

34
Q

the pie chart is the area of each wedge or ‘slice’ is proportional to the _______ of the component to the _______

A

relative contribution
whole pie

35
Q

this type of graph is an alternative to pie chart

A

component bar diagram

36
Q

this type of graph can compare the composition of 2 or more groups

A

component bar diagram

37
Q

portray absolute or relative frequencies, population rates or other numerical measurements across the categories of a qualitative variable or a discrete quantitative variable

A

bar graph

38
Q

used for comparing data between classifications/ categories

A

bar graph

39
Q

this type of graph can be drawn horizontally or vertically

A

bar graph

40
Q

this type of graph is the graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous quantitative variables

A

histogram

41
Q

this type of graph can be drawn instead of histogram

A

frequency polygon

42
Q

this type of graph is used if 2 or more distribution are to be depicted in a single bar graph

A

frequency polygon

43
Q

this type of graph can easily see the trend

A

line graph

44
Q

this type of graph is primarily intended to potray trends

A

line graphs

45
Q

this type of graph shows the relationship between 2 quantitative variables

A

scatterplot

46
Q

scatterplot gives a rough estimate of the type and degree of ____ between the ____

A

correlation
variables

47
Q

this type of graph is able to see the distribution

A

scatterplot

48
Q

true or false:
every graph should be self explanatory

A

true

49
Q

true or false:
vertical scale can start with any no.

A

false - should alw start with 0

50
Q

true or false:
use of color in graph is for emphasis only

A

false - it is to also differentiate btwn items in a diagram and can be restored and wld appeal to the presentation

51
Q

in pointers in the construction of graph,
a graph should be ___, ___, ___ to the basic data shld be adhered to

A

neat
businesslike quality
faithfulness

52
Q

true or false:
scales should be properly labeled

A

true

53
Q

in pointers in the construction of graph,
horizontal scale should be represented with ____, ____ and ____

A

frequencies
absolute
relative counts

54
Q

in pointers in the construction of graph,
if there are trend lines and curves in the chart, they should be properly identified by ____ or a ____

A

legends or labels

55
Q

in pointers in the construction of graph,
____ and ____ may be used in graph to guide the eye

A

grids and guide rulings

2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LAB) (10 decks)

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