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2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LAB) > data > Flashcards

data Flashcards

1
Q

it is the facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis

A

data

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2
Q

it is the process of gathering and measuring info on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables to answer to answer stated research question. test hypothesis and and evaluate incomes

A

data collection

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3
Q

it is the primary and one of the most important steps in conducting a research

A

data collection

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4
Q

in a research study, the researcher will decide how theyre gg to collect their research data after _______

A

identifying the problem

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5
Q

define research data

A

recorded factual material necessary to validate research findings

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6
Q

this process of collecting data is a very demanding job which needs thorough planning, hard work and patience to be able to complete the task successfully

A

research data

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7
Q

briefly explain the six core dimensions of quality data (examples)

A

[CUTVAC]
1. completeness
all required data w/o any missing parts (ensure all fields in a student registration form are filled out)

  1. uniqueness
    each data entry is recorded once only, no duplicates (making sure each student has a unique record in the database)
  2. timeliness
    data accurately represents the current specific point in time it is meant to capture (update emergency contact details immediately when they change)
  3. validity
    data conforms to the expected format, type and range of values (ensure date of birth field only accepts valid dates)
  4. accuracy
    data correctly reflects the real-world object or event it is describing (correct spelling of a student’s name in database)
  5. consistency
    same data is represented uniformly across diff platforms or systems, w/o any contradictions (student’s database is consistent across the school’s administrative database and website)
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8
Q

briefly explain the utility of the data

A

[KRANUST]
1. knowable
info must be smthing that can be learned/ observed not js unknown

  1. recorded
    info shld be captured and stored in some shareable format, not in js someone’s mind
  2. accessible
    recorded info shld be retrievable with the right resources and technology
  3. navigable
    easy to find and access the info when needed
  4. understandable
    info must be presented in way that makes sense
  5. sufficient quality
    meet certain standards of completeness, accuracy and timeliness to be useful
  6. topically relevant to needs
    relevant and address specific needs/ purpose it is intended for
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9
Q

briefly explain the factors affecting the data collection

A

[BLTPCECT]
1. bias
qns r asked or info is gathered can influence the response in favor or against the topic = bias

  1. language
    specific phrasing used in qns can sway ppl to give a particular ans
  2. timing
    when data is collected (fr ex: surveying winter tires in aug vs. feb)
  3. privacy
    if topic too personal = ppl dw participate or give inaccurate ans
  4. cultural sensitivity
    avoid offensive qn or ones that dont apply culturally

6.ethics
collect data shld be only for stated purpose (dont ask their social media)

  1. cost
  2. time
    do not take too long when collecting data

all of these can impact the quality an accuracy of data collected if not properly addressed

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10
Q

briefly explain the difference between pri data and sec data

A

pri data: newly obtained firsthand for the current study
sec data: alr existed beforehand for other purposes

diff:
pri data allows full control over what is collected but requires more effort
sec data is readily available, may not perfectly fit the new research needs

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11
Q

it is a technique for physically obtaining data to be analyzed in a research study

A

methods of data collection

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12
Q

what is the difference between the qualitative and quantitative in pri data collection

A

qualitative:
collects non-numerical, descriptive data (words, observation)
quantitative:
collects numerical data that can be counted and calculated

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13
Q

what are some ways researchers can obtain data using the qualitative method

A

fill out self-report instruments
questionnaires
interviews (f2f/ on call)

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14
Q

the researches discuss issues with multiple research participants at the same time at a small group setting is called

A

focus group

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15
Q

the researchers can examine how research participants act in natural and structured environment called

A

observation

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16
Q

the researchers can have the participants fill out an instrument or perform a behavioral design to measure their ability or degree of skills or what we call

A

tests

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17
Q

it is a list of questionnaires aimed at
collecting specific data from a particular group of people

A

survey

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18
Q

examples of secondary data

A

personal documents
official documents
physical data
archived data
books
biographies
records
newspaper
published census or statistical data
internet articles

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19
Q

this data is not been published yet

A

pri data

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20
Q

true or false:
sec data is more reliable, authentic and objective

A

false - pri data

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21
Q

questionnaire is a self-report data collection instrument used to obtain information from the participants about…

A

[FATBBPPV]
thoughts
feelings
attitudes
beliefs
values
perceptions
personality
behavioral intentions

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22
Q

it is the most commonly used method in the survey

A

questionnaire

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23
Q

diff btwn questionnaire and survey

A

questionnaire - written qns
survey - questionnaire + data collection + process data analysis

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24
Q

A data-collection method in which an interviewer asks questions to the interviewee.

A

interview

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25
Q

define the following
interviewer:
interviewee:
personnel:
telephone:

A

interviewer: researcher
interviewee: participant
personnel: interviews conducted f2f
telephone: interviews conducted over phone

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26
Q

why is it important that the interviewee trusts you

A

as w/o trust, u r likely to obtain biased research data

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27
Q

what are the advantage and disadvantage in personal interview

A

+ve:
personalization of the study to the participants
response rate that is usually higher than with a comparable mail survey
observe verbal and nonverbal behaviour
“no help from others”
record of time of interview

-ve:
costly (money n time)
manipulation or interview bias
lack of anonymity
inconvenience to the respondent
lack of opp to consult records

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28
Q

what are the advantage and disadvantage in telephone interview

A

+ve:
saves money
faster than mail survey or personal interview study
respondents remains anonymous
on one home, frequent callbacks can be made
btr for collecting sensitive data
-ve:
they r less motivated

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29
Q

true or false:
telephone interview is better for collecting sensitive data

A

true

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30
Q

true or false:
respondents are more motivated to do a telephone interview

A

false - less motivated

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31
Q

briefly explain the different interview structure types

A

unstructured interviews: free- flowing convo, casual informal
semi structured interviews: some set qns and flexibility
structured interviews: fixed predetermined set of qns

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32
Q

unstructured interviews is also called _____
structured interviews is also called _____

A

non directive interview (casual , informal)
planned interviews (formal, patterned interviews)

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33
Q

which type of interview structure
a. can provide accurate info
b. most susceptible to subjective bias or error

A

a. semi structured interview
b. unstructured interview

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34
Q

briefly explain the agencies and data collection

A

Philippine statistics authority (PSA) handles major national data collection across sectors
- all nation census and surveys
- sectoral stats
- consolidation of selected administrative and recording system
- compilation of national accounts

DOH focuses on public health data
-Responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services to all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care and regulation of providers of health goods and services

CDC is the principal agency for disease and health statistics in the US
- monitor and prevent disease outbreaks including bioterrorism
- implement disease prevention strategies
- maintain national health statistics

35
Q

types of qualitative interviews

A

✓ Standardized open - ended interview
✓ Interview guide approach
✓ Informal conversation interview

36
Q

goal of quantitative interview

A

standardize what is presented to the interviewee

37
Q

the interview protocol is basically a script written on paper for in-person interviews and shown on a computer screen for telephone interviews

A

quantitative interviews

38
Q

types of quantitative interviews

A

✓ closed quantitative interview (likert questions)

39
Q

they require a personal sensitivity, adaptability as well as the ability to stay within the bounce of the designed protocol

A

interview

40
Q

it is among the most challenging and rewarding forms of measurement

A

interviews

41
Q

difference between questionnaire and interview

A

questionnaire:
research participant reads and records his or her own answers in the spaces provided

interview:
interviewer reads the questions exactly as written on the interview protocol and records the interviewees answer

42
Q

Tips for Conducting an Effective Interview

A

make sure all interviewers are trained
background homework on the interviewees
rapport and trust
empathetic and remain neutral
use gentle nonverbal heads nods and verbal “uh-ms”
be reflexive
make sure the interviewee is doing most of the talking
be sensitive to gender, age and cultural differences
respect their time

43
Q

in-depth field method that brings together a small homogenous group or similar kind-of people to discuss topics in a study agenda

A

focus group

44
Q

a type of group interview in which a moderator leads a
discussion with a small group of individuals to examine, in detail, how the group members think and feel about a topic.

A

focus group

45
Q

focus group used to collect _____ that are in the words of the group participants

A

qualitative data

46
Q

why is it called a focus group

A

as the moderator keeps the indivs in the group focused on the topic being discussed

-obtain general background
-generating research hypothesis
Simulating new ideas and creative concepts
-diagnosis the potential for problems

47
Q

focus group is composed of how many participants

A

6-12

48
Q

leading the focus group discussion

A

group moderator

49
Q

uses of focus group

A

o Obtaining general background information about a
topic of interest
o Generating research hypotheses
o Stimulating new ideas and creative concepts
o Diagnosing the potential for problems with a new
program, service or product
o Generating impressions of products, programs,
service, institutions, or other objects of interest

50
Q

what are the qualities required or a group moderator

A

must know how to
- facilitate grp discussion
- good interpersonal skills

51
Q

focus group are very useful for providing _______ information in a relatively ________

A

in depth information
short period of time

52
Q

defined as the watching of behavioral patterns of people in certain situations to obtain information about the phenomenon of interest

A

observation

53
Q

what type of approach does observation collect data

A

systematic data collection

54
Q

briefly explain the observational data collected in 2 diff types of enviro

A

laboratory observation:
done in labs
set up by the researchers and inside the confines of research lab
(observe a children thru one-way window in the researcher’s lab)

naturalistic observation:
real world setting
where the behaviors occur naturally
(observing the behaviors of the children in classroom )

55
Q

Involves observing all potentially relevant phenomena and taking extensive field noted without specifying in advance exactly what is observed
(done for exploratory purposes and in natural settings)

A

qualitative observation

56
Q

Involves standardization of all observational procedures in order to obtain reliable research data (counts, frequencies and percentages)

A

quantitative observation

57
Q

what questions are usually asked in quantitative observation

A

who is observed? (kind of ppl)
what is observed? (variables)
where - carried out
when - take place
how - to be done

58
Q

a research method used for collecting data from a pre-defined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various topics of interest

A

survey

59
Q

what is one good way to gather a large amt of data providing a broad perspective

A

survey

60
Q

If the investigators determine that they will use a survey for data collection, they can use an ______ or ______

A

existing survey
develop a new survey

61
Q

survey is consist of a _____ of question that is given to a sample

A

pre-determined set

62
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of existing survey in the survey collection

A

+ve:
saves time
same money
establish reality
establish validity
establish data analysis methodology

-ve:
costly if purchase required
trying to use w diff sample
health literacy to high of low for population
must establish data analysis methodology

63
Q

what is the largest disadvantages of survey

A

lack of data control

64
Q

what are the survey data collection method

A

online survey
mailed survey
in-person survey

65
Q

identify the types of survey:
measure previously acquired knowledge
focus on specific subjects
mastery
comprehension
proficiency

A

achievement test

66
Q

identify the types of survey:
Set of stimuli presented to an individual in order to elicit responses on the basis of which a numerical score can be assigned

A

tests

67
Q

identify the types of survey:
measures an indiv’s skill at actually operating a vehicle. what an indiv can do
(Examples)

A

performance test (retdem)

68
Q

identify the types of survey:
uses to predict futures, general ability and knowledge

A

aptitude test

69
Q

identify the types of survey:
Commonly used in quantitative research to measure attitudes, personality, self-perceptions, aptitude and performance of research participants

A

tests

70
Q

identify the types of survey:
used to determine indiv’s ability
(general ability and knowledge)

A

aptitude test

71
Q

questionnaires that u need to answer to reveal your personality traits

A

personality inventories

72
Q

one example of personality inventories

A

Mayers-Briggs personality test
(introvert or extrovert)

73
Q

briefly explain the different types of scales

A

response scales:
ans to a single qn
(ex: how do u feel tdy?)

concept scales:
collection of qns that measures a single subject
(ex; self esteem - Rosenberg’s self esteem scale)

74
Q

❖ I am satisfied with myself.
❖ Strongly agree = 3
❖ Agree = 2
❖ Disagree = 1
❖ Strongly disagree = 0
❖ The higher the score, the higher the
self-esteem.

A

Rosenberg’s self- esteem scale

75
Q

creating a survey

A

review the research qns
ask only survey question that ans the research qns
organize survey qns from ez to difficult
write qns in simple and concise manner
avoid double qns (ex: how satisfied r u with the level of MEDICAL and NURSING care at this clinic)
group similar qns (all food intake qns r grouped tgt and all exercise qns r grped tgt)
avoid skip patterns
provide clear instructions for each transition (“the next six questions are about your exercise habits. Please select the response that
best describes your behavior”)
check the readability score
proofread the survey several times (“public” and pubic” are both spelled correctly, but the letter L changes the meaning dramatically)
pretest the survey (ask colleagues who r not involved in the survey development to proofread it)
pilot test the survey
finalize the survey format

76
Q

cover letter describes the purpose of the ____, ____, and ____ of the ____ and ____of participation

A

research
evaluation
description
incentives
benefits

77
Q

states how long the survey takes to complete, benefits for participation and how responses are kept confidential

A

cover letter

78
Q

briefly explain the different types of secondary data (examples)

A

personal documents:
written, photographed, recorded for private purposes
(letters, diaries, fam vids, pics)

official documents:
written, photographed or recorded by some type of public or private organization
(newspaper, edu journals, magazines, annual report, student work, books)

physical data:
created or left by humans that might provide info abt a phenomenon of interest to a researchers
(fingerprints, wear on lib books, soil from shoes and clothing)

archived research data:
data originally used for research purpose and then stored for possible later use, maybe inn print form but are usually stored n computer
(census data)

79
Q

Standard demographic question that should be included

A

Age

80
Q

How does age give insight when it comes to changing population
Young -
Aged -
Middle -
40s -

A

Young - STH, cold, foot and mouth disease
Aged - osteoporosis, dementia, hearing loss
Middle - depression
40s - CKD, CVD

81
Q

Data collections

A

Age
Ethnicity
Location
Sex
Educational attainment

82
Q

Lepstospirosis

A

During rainy season

83
Q

A self report data collection instrument used to obtain information from the participants abt the
Thoughts
Feelings
Attitudes
Beliefs
Values
Perception
Personality
Behavorial intentions

A

Questionnaires

2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LAB) (10 decks)

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