health, disease and medicine (topic 2). Flashcards
what is meant by risk factor (1)
something that increases the likelihood of having a disease
state two risk factors that might have contributed to the patient developing cardiovascular disease
- smoking
- diet hight in fat (or salt)
- obesity
- lack of exercise
- high blood cholesterol
suggest why the doctor wants to check if the man has type 2 diabetes, he is obese
being overweight is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes
a student is studying the impact of non-communicable diseases on individuals and communities, state two human and financial costs of non-communicable diseases to an individual and a local community (4)
cost for the individual (max 2 marks):
- decrease in quality of life
- loss of income due to inability to work
- increased healthcare costs
cost for the local community (max 2 marks):
- increased healthcare costs
- loss of productivity
- social and emotional impacts
people suffering from severe physical ill health often suffer from mental illness, suggest why (1)
severe physical ill health can cause mental illness
explain how defects in the immune system, such as infection with the HIV virus, can increase the likelihood of infectious diseases (2)
- the HIV virus infects white blood cells
- the immune system is unable to fight other pathogens
describe some of the possible effects of smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol can have on unborn babies (2)
- smoking during pregnancy can cause a premature birth
- certain birth defects
- low birth weight
- alchohol can cause foetal alcohol syndrome
- behavioural/learning problems
describe how cigarette smoke would affect the cilia and mucus (2)
- cigarette smoke paralyses cilia
- mucus becomes thicker
describe the relationship between no. of cigs smoked n no. of deaths (1)
- increase in number of cigarettes smoked increases number of deaths (or positive correlation)
suggest why the number of lung cancer deaths is shown as a rate per 100,000 people, rather than the total number of deaths per year
- the number of people varies every year
- (per 100,000) makes it easier to compare the numbers of cases
lung cancer can develop in people who have never smoked, suggest one reason why (1)
- they may have been exposed to cigarette smoke
- they may have faulty genes that make them more susceptible to cancer (mutations)
- they may have been exposed to other carcinogens
scientists have now studied the whole human genome, give two benefits of understanding the human genome (2)
- diagnosis of genetic disorders
- research of genetic disorders
- gene therapy (or treatment of inherited disorders)
- understanding human evolution (or understanding ethnic origins of a person or understanding ancestry)
- tracing human migration patterns
give three reasons why drugs must be trialled before they can be administered to patients (3)
- to test for toxicity
- to test for side-effects
- to check if there are interactions with other drugs
- to evaluate efficacy
- to identify the most effective dosage
drugs must be trialled before they are licensed for human use, to ensure valid results during a clinical trial, give reasons why a placebo and a double-blind trial were used (2)
- to avoid placebo effect
- as a control
- to avoid bias
aspirin
- use: painkiller
- organism: willow tree
penicillin
- use: antibiotic
- organism: mould
digitalis
- use: to treat heart conditions
- organism: foxgloves
describe how coronary heart disease affects the flow of blood to the heart (3)
- layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries
- this narrows the arteries (or reduces the flow of blood)
- resulting in a lack of oxygen and glucose for the heart muscle
- similar BMI
- same gender profile
- similar amount of exercise
- similar type of exercise
devise a plan the doctor could use to test the effectiveness of the new diet using the 100 obese volunteers (6)
- weigh the 100 obese volunteers at the beginning of the experiment
- half follow the new diet and half keep their normal diet (half are the control group)
- after a fixed time period re-weigh the 100 people
- calculate the percentage change in body mass for each volunteer
- calculate mean
- compare the two sets of results
- have a capsule around them so can be removed easily
- slow growing
- rarely spreads to other body tissues
(3)
- positive correlation (or as cholesterol levels increase, the number of deaths also increases)
- the increase in the number of deaths is slow at first / up to around 200 mg/dL
- number of deaths increases more rapidly from 200 to 300 mg/dL
calculate the percentage change in deaths from CHD when cholesterol levels increase from 150 to 250 mg/dL (3)
(2)
- without the receptor protein there will be more cholesterol in the blood (or cholesterol levels will be too high)
- increased build up of cholesterol in the coronary artery
- cholesterol build-up decreases blood flow to the heart
- less oxygen will reach the heart muscle
explain why we cant compare the number of patients showing improvement in each group without calculating percentages (2)
- the groups have different numbers of patients
- a group with more patients has a greater chance of having more patients showing improvement
- comparing raw numbers would be misleading (not be a fair comparison)
- percentage takes into account group sizes
compare the effectiveness of the new drug to the standard treatment
- the new drug seems to be more effective than the standard treatment
- a higher percentage of patients showed improvement with the new drug
- bacteria and viruses are pathogens
- they reproduce rapidly inside the body
- bacteria may produce poisons / toxins
- viruses live (and reproduce) inside cells (causing damage)
white blood cells help to defend against pathogens by: - ingesting pathogens
- to destroy pathogen
- producing antibodies
- to destroy specific pathogens
- producing antitoxins
- to counteract toxins
- this leads to immunity from that pathogen
