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biology (paper one) > cell division, differentiation and stem cells (topic 1) > Flashcards

cell division, differentiation and stem cells (topic 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of microscope is needed to see ribosomes and mitochondria

A

electron

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2
Q

what is 0.18 mm in µm

A

180 (x1000)

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3
Q
A

0.2 µm

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4
Q
A

chromosomes

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5
Q
A

cell division

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6
Q

explain why it is important to sterilise the culture medium and all the apparatus before use in the experiment (2)

A
  • to kill other microorganisms
  • to prevent other microorganisms affecting the results
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7
Q

(1)

A

prevent growth of pathogens

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8
Q
A
  • to improve the reliability of the investigation
  • or check for anomalies
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9
Q

the children that develop from embryos A and C will not be identical, explain why, you may use words from the box in your answer:
egg genes sperm
(2)

A
  • (formed from) different egg
  • (formed from) different sperm
  • have different genes
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10
Q

(stem cells)
what happens when the cells are placed in the special solution, tick two:
the cells divide
the cells fertilise
the cells differentiate
the cells separate

A
  • the cells divide
  • the cells differentiate
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11
Q

give one use of stem cells

A
  • medical research
  • medical treatment
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12
Q

why do human skin cells need to divide (1)

A
  • for repair
  • for growth
  • to replace cells
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13
Q
A

paralysis

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14
Q

(1)

A
  • take (stem) cells from meristem
  • tissue culture
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15
Q

(2)

A
  • use benedicts solution
  • glucose turns solution blue to orange
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16
Q

(4)

A
  • less photosynthesis because of lack of chlorophyll
  • therefore less glucose made so
  • less energy released for growth
  • as glucose is needed for respiration
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

(bone marrow)

A
  • cells will not be rejected by the patients body
  • can develop into many different types of cells
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19
Q

a gardener wanted to produce a new variety of onion, explain why sexual reproduction could produce a new variety of onion (3)

A
  • fertilisation occurs
  • leading to mixing of genetic information
  • one copy of each allele from each parent
    _
  • gametes produced by meiosis
  • meiosis causes variation
20
Q

in the process of mitosis, how do the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells compare to that in the original cell

A

same

21
Q

what is the function of meristematic tissue in the growth of a plant (2)

A
  • meristem cells are undifferentiated
  • meristem cells divide
  • by mitosis
  • to give rise to new tissues
22
Q

explain why root hair cells are considered specialised cells (1)

A
  • they have undergone differentiation
  • they have a specific role (in the plant)
23
Q

(2)

A
  • stem cells are able to differentiate
  • they could become beta/pancreatic cells
  • they could produce insulin
24
Q

explain why scientists use embryonic stem cells rather than adult stem cells (1)

A
  • embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into any cell
25
Q

professor yamanaka discovered that adult cells can be reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) which have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, describe the possible benefits of the discovery (3)

A
  • the new cells have the potential to produce any cell type
  • no need to use embryonic stem cells
  • less chance of rejection
  • the new cells can be used to treat conditions which are currently incurable
26
Q

give two features that distinguish bacteria from other groups of organisms (2)

A
  • have a cell wall wall made of peptidoglycan
  • have no nucleus
  • have circular DNA
  • have plasmids
27
Q

name the process of cell division in bacteria

A

binary fission

28
Q

during which phase do bacteria die at the same rate they are being produced

A

stationary phase

29
Q

give two reasons why new cells need to be produced throughout an organisms life

A
  • growth
  • repair of damaged tissues
  • replace damaged cells
30
Q

which cells, found in the early stages of embryonic development, have the potential to differentiate into specialised cells

A

embryonic stem cells

31
Q
A
  • tissue
  • organ system
32
Q
A

spindle (fibre)

33
Q

describe what happens immediately before mitosis (2)

A
  • interphase
  • DNA is replicated
  • production of cell components
  • metabolic reactions occur
  • cell growth
34
Q

how many cells are produced from one fertilised egg, after three cell divisions by mitosis

A

8

35
Q

(2)

A
  • cells are triggered to undergo mitosis
  • cells undergo uncontrolled cell division
  • this creates a mass of cells or large number of cells or tumour
36
Q

describe how the scientist could use a light microscope to view the dividing cancer cells (3)

A
  • place the slide on the stage of the microscope and look through the eyepiece lens
  • turn the focusing wheel to obtain a clear image
  • start by using the lowest objective lens magnification
  • increase the magnification of the objective lens and refocus
37
Q
A
  • stain the sample or use methylene blue
38
Q
A

72 h

39
Q
A
40
Q
A
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
41
Q

describe the process of mitosis from when the parent cells chromosomes become visible to the production of two identical daughter cells

A
  • chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
  • spindle fibres contract
  • pairs of chromatids are pulled apart
  • chromosomes/chromatids move to opposite ends of cell
  • nuclear membranes form
  • cytoplasm divides
42
Q

eplain how the adaptations of the male and female gametes allow them to carry out their job (4)

A
  • sperm has a tail to swim to the egg
  • sperm has many mitochondria for energy
  • sperm releases enzymes to digest the egg membrane
  • egg cell is large to provide nutrients to the early embryo
  • cell membrane only allows fertilisation by a single sperm
43
Q
A
44
Q

(6)

A

method (4)
- use the pipette to transfer each bacterial culture into a different Petri dish
- spread the the bacterial culture using the spreader
- place the filter paper discs of antibiotic on the agar of each Petri dish
- tape the dishes close
- incubate/store at 25 °C
- measure the radius of the clear zone on the agar plate
- calculate the area and compare the results
minimise risk of conamination (2)
- clean surfaces with antibacterial cleaner
- wash hands
- place the spreader and the neck of any bottles in the flame before use
- keep all vessels containing bacteria open for the minimum amount of time

45
Q

after the bacteria were spread on the plates, both plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C, give a reason why the plates were incubated at 37 °C

A

to provide optimal growth conditions

46
Q

give two aseptic techniques the scientist should use when taking samples from the Streptococcus mutans bacterial culture (2)

A
  • wash hands
  • keep lid on the samples
  • use sterile equipment
  • clean surfaces with antibacterial cleaner
  • keep all vessels containing bacteria open for the minimum amount of time
47
Q
A

biology (paper one) (15 decks)

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