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biology (paper one) > cell structure (topic 1) > Flashcards

cell structure (topic 1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name one structure that is found in a plant cell but is not found in a bacterial or an animal cell

A

chloroplast

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2
Q

(4)

A
  • (long tail) allows the sperm to swim
  • towards the egg
  • (mitochondria) release energy for movement
  • in respiration
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3
Q
A

viruses live inside cells

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4
Q
A
  • C and D
  • have cell walls
  • have vacuoles
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5
Q

why will oxygen diffuse into the cell in the diagram

A

because of the high to low oxygen concentration

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6
Q
A
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7
Q
A
  • inoculating loop
  • petri dish
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8
Q
A

to kill unwanted bacteria / microorganisms

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9
Q
A
  • so bacteria do not get out
  • so bacteria do not get in
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10
Q

why is it necessary to absorb some food molecules by active transport (1)

A
  • against a concentration gradient
  • from low to high concentration
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11
Q

suggest why epithelial cells have many mitochondria (2)

A
  • active transport requires energy
  • from respiration
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12
Q

describe the function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach (2)

A
  • contract
  • to move food
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13
Q

what is the function of mitochondria (2)

A
  • to transfer energy for use
  • by (aerobic) respiration
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14
Q

what is the function of a ribosome (1)

A

to make protein / enzyme

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15
Q

the student concluded that disinfectant D would be the best for using around the home, give one reason why the student might not be correct

A

D may be harmful to people / animals

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16
Q

(2)

A
  • only one ‘chromosome’ (allow one strand of DNA)
  • circular
  • may have plasmids
  • not in a nucleus
17
Q

how does the number of cases of TB for london compare with the rest of southern england (1)

A

london is much higher

18
Q

describe the pattern in the data for cases of TB in the south west (2)

A
  • overall slight increase
  • variable / goes up and down
19
Q

(2)

A
  • provides immunity
  • prevents TB spreading
20
Q

give the reason why the algal cell does not burst

A

cell wall (prevents bursting)

21
Q

the flagellum helps the cell to move through water, scientists think that the flagellum and the light-sensitive spot work together to increase photosynthesis, suggest how this might happen (2)

A
  • light sensitive spot detects light
  • tells flagellum to move towards light
  • more light = more photosynthesis
22
Q

(3)

A
  • larger SA:volume ratio
  • short diffusion distance
  • diffusion via cell membrane is sufficient
23
Q

name two substances transported by xylem

A
  • water
  • mineral ions
24
Q

what is translocation

A

movement of (dissolved) sugar

25
Q

explain why translocation is important to plants (2)

A
  • sugars are made in the leaves
  • so they need to be moved to other parts of the plant for growth
26
Q

explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells (2)

A
  • for movement of minerals / ions
  • against their concentration gradient
27
Q
A
28
Q

redraw the animal cell as you would see it if you were using a light microscope instead of an electron microscope, and label the parts you would be able to identify

A
29
Q

explain how electron microscopy has allowed us to increase our understanding of subcellular structures (?)

A
  • electron microscopes have a higher magnification
  • electron microscopes have a higher resolution
  • the wavelength of an electron is shorter than that of visible light
  • electron microscopes allow us to observe subcellular structures in more detail
30
Q

(6)

A

similarities (max 3 marks):
- both unicellular
- both have a cell wall
- both have a cell membrane
- both have cytoplasm
- both have ribosomes
differences (max 3 marks):
- bacteria are prokaryotic and yeast are eukaryotic
- bacteria do not have a nucleus, yeast do
- bacteria do not have mitochondria, yeast do
- cell wall of bacteria is made of murein, cell wall of yeast is made of chitin
- bacteria have flagella and are mobile, yeast are not

31
Q
A

A
D

32
Q

equation for magnification

A
33
Q
A
34
Q

give three differences between animal and bacterial cells (3)

A

animal cells are
- are eukaryotic, bacterial cells are prokaryotic
- do not have a cell wall, bacterial cells do
- have a nucleus, bacteria do not
- are much larger than bacterial cells
- contain mitochondria, bacterial cells do not
- do not have plasmids, bacterial cells do

35
Q

a student is given a tube containing a liquid nutrient medium, the medium contains one type of bacterium, the student is told to grow some of the bacteria on agar jelly in a petri dish, describe how the student should prepare an uncontaminated culture of the bacterium in the Petri dish, you should explain the reasons for each of the steps you describe (6)

A

pre-inoculation:
- petri dish and agar sterilised before use
- to kill unwanted bacteria
- inoculating loop passed through flame
- to sterilise
inoculation:
- loop used to spread bacterium onto agar
- lid of Petri dish opened as little as possible
- to prevent microbes from air entering
post-inoculation:
- sealed with tape
- to prevent microbes from air entering
- incubate
- to allow growth of bacteria

biology (paper one) (15 decks)

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