Head and Neck: Triangles

Question 1

Sternocleidomastoid attachments

Answer 1

Mastoid process of temporal bone
Sternum
Clavicle

Question 2

Innervation of SCM

Answer 2

Spinal accessory nerve i.e CN XI

*Same innervation as trapezius

Question 3

Action of SCM

Answer 3

Bilateral - cervical flexion

Unilateral - lateral flexion to same side and rotation to opposite side

Question 4

Scalene attachments

Answer 4

Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

First two ribs

Question 5

Scalene Actions

Answer 5

Bilateral: assist in neck flexion; raise first 2 ribs

Question 6

Scalene innervation

Answer 6

Ventral Rami of Cervical nerves

Question 7

Scalenes are found where?

Answer 7

Anterior, Middle and Posterior scalenes are deep to SCM

Question 8

What accessory function do scalenes serve?

Answer 8

Assist in respiration

Question 9

Name the (4) infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 9

Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Omohyoid and Thyrohyoid

Question 10

Name the (4) suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 10

Mylohyoid, Digastric, Stylohyoid and Geniohyoid

Question 11

Thyrohyoid receives a different innervation than the rest of the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 11

CN XII - hypoglossal nerve

Question 12

Thyroid gland produces what two hormones?

Answer 12

Thyroid hormone - controls rate of metabolism

Calcitonin - controls calcium metabolism

Question 13

What structure is located just deep to thyroid hormone?

Answer 13

Parathyroid glands

Question 14

Parathyroid glands produce what hormone?

Answer 14

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - regulates Ca2+ metabolism

Question 15

Platysma attachments

Answer 15

Subcutaneous tissue of supra/infra clavicular regions

Base of mandible, skin of cheek, angle of mouth and orbicularis oris

Question 16

Action of Platysma

Answer 16

Superior attachment - tenses the skin

Inferior attachment - depresses the mandible and draw corners of mouth inferiorly i.e grimace

Question 17

Platysma innervation

Answer 17

Cervical branch of facial nerve

To Zanzibar By Motor Car

Question 18

Cervical plexus made of which spinal nerves?

Answer 18

C1-C4

Question 19

Name (4) cutaneous branches of Cervical Plexus

“Tom Go Lick Susie”

Answer 19

Transverse Cervical n.
Greater Auricular n.
Lesser Occipital n.
Supraclavicular n.

Question 20

Ansa Cervicalis

Answer 20

Found in anterior wall of carotid sheath

Innervates 3/4 infrahyoid muscles

Question 21

Phrenic nerve

Answer 21

C3-C5 innervates the diaphragm

Question 22

Branches of cervical plexus emerge from where?

Answer 22

Posterior border of SCM = Erb’s point

Question 23

Which cranial nerve also emerges from Erb’s point roughly?

Answer 23

CN XI - spinal accessory nerve

Question 24

What 2 layers of cervical fascia?

Answer 24

Superficial and deep

Question 25

Superficial cervical fascia contains?

Answer 25

cutaneous nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes, fat and platysma

Question 26

What 3 layers of deep cervical fascia?

Answer 26

Superficial = investing Pretracheal Prevertebral

Question 27

Superfical (investing) layer of deep cervical fascia contains?

Answer 27

SCM and trapezius muscle

Question 28

Pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia has what 2 layers?

Answer 28

Muscular layer - surrounding infrahyoid muscles Visceral layer - surrounding thyroid gland and trachea *Pretracheal fascia extends from hyoid bone into thorax and blends with fibrous pericardium covering the heart

Question 29

Buccopharyngeal fascia

Answer 29

Thin posterior lamina of pretracheal fascia (visceral layer) that separates the esophagus from the prevertebral fascia

Question 30

Prevertebral fascia

Answer 30

Last layer of deep cervical fascia that invests scalenes, deep back muscles, and vertebrae

Question 31

Alar fascia

Answer 31

As prevertebral fascia continues medially anterior to the vertebrae it splits into two layers; layer against vertebral body = prevertebral fascia and layer anterior to it = alar fascia

Question 32

Retropharyngeal space

Answer 32

``` Borders: Anterior - buccopharyngeal fascia Posterior - alar fascia Lateral - carotid sheaths Superior - base of skull Inferior - mediastinum ```

Question 33

Carotid sheath

Answer 33

Contains common carotid artery, internal carotid a., Internal jugular vein, Vagus nerve, deep cervical lymph nodes; formed partially by prevertebral fascia of the deep cervical fascia

Question 34

Prevertebral Space

Answer 34

*a.k.a Danger Space 4 Anterior border - Alar fascia Posterior border - prevertebral fascia Continous from base of skull thru thorax till diaphragm

Question 35

Posterior triangle borders

Answer 35

SCM, Clavicle, and Trapezius

Question 36

2 sub triangles within Posterior Triangle

Answer 36

Occipital | Omoclavicular = Subclavicular

Question 37

Occipital triangle borders

Answer 37

SCM, Trapezius, and inferior belly of omohyoid

Question 38

Occipital triangle contents

Answer 38

``` Branches of cervical plexus Trunks of brachial plexus CN XI Transverse cervical artery Cervical lymph nodes EJV ```

Question 39

Omoclavicular = Subclavicular triangle borders

Answer 39

SCM, Clavicle, and inferior belly of omohyoid

Question 40

Omoclavicular = Subclavicular triangle contents

Answer 40

Subclavian artery Subclavian vein Suprascapular artery Supraclavicular lymph nodes

Question 41

Anterior triangle borders

Answer 41

SCM, Mandible and midline of neck | *subdivided by omohyoid and digastric muscles

Question 42

Carotid triangle borders

Answer 42

SCM, Posterior belly of digastric, Superior belly of Omohyoid

Question 43

Carotid triangle contents

Answer 43

Carotid sheath, ansa cervicalis, hypoglossal nerve CN XII, sympathetic trunk

Question 44

Muscular triangle borders

Answer 44

Midline of neck, Hyoid bone, Superior belly of omohyoid and SCM

Question 45

Contents of muscular triangle

Answer 45

Infrahyoid muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands

Question 46

Submandibular triangle borders

Answer 46

Mandible, Both bellies of digastric muscles

Question 47

Submandibular triangle contents

Answer 47

Submandibular gland Facial artery Facial vein Submandibular lymph nodes

Question 48

Submental triangle border

Answer 48

Hyoid bone and Anterior bellies of Digastric muscles

Question 49

Submental triangle contents

Answer 49

Anterior Jugular Vein | Submental lymph nodes