Head and Neck I Flashcards
1
Q
What does the pharynx attach to superiorly?
A
base of skull
2
Q
What does the pharynx attach to inferiorly?
A
esophagus
3
Q
What does the pharynx attach laterally to?
A
nasal and oral cavities and
larynx
4
Q
Where is the nasopharynx posterior to?
A
Nasopharynx is posterior to nasal cavity
5
Q
What is the oropharynx posterior to?
A
posterior to the oral cavity
6
Q
What is the laryngopharynx posterior to?
A
posterior to the larynx
7
Q
What is the location of the most superior division of pharynx and what is it continuous with?
A
-Posterior to the nasal cavity
-Continuous with the nasal cavity via the choana
8
Q
What bone is the nasopharynx inferior to?
A
Inferior to the sphenoid bone
9
Q
What is the nasopharynx superior to?
A
Superior to the level of the soft palate
10
Q
What type of epithelium is the nasopharynx lined by and what does this do?
A
Lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium–> propelling mucus
11
Q
What are prominent features of the nasopharynx?
A
*Pharyngeal tonsils
*Opening of pharyngotympanic tube
12
Q
What does the pharyngotmypanic tube connect?
A
Connects the middle ear to the
nasopharynx
13
Q
What does the pharyngotympanic tube equalise?
A
Equalizes pressure on both sides of the
tympanic membrane
14
Q
What does the pharyngotympanic tube drain?
A
- Drains mucus from the middle ear
15
Q
What does the pharyngotympanic tube consist of?
A
- Bony part (1/3rd)
- Cartilaginous part (remaining 2/3rd)
16
Q
What is the oropharynx posterior to?
A
- Posterior to the oral cavity
17
Q
What is the oropharynx inferior to?
A
- Inferior to the level of the soft palate
18
Q
What is the oropharynx superior to?
A
Superior to the upper margin of the
epiglottis
19
Q
What type of epithelium is the oropharynx lined by?
A
Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
provides protection
20
Q
What are prominent features of the oropharynx?
A
*Palatine tonsils
*Lingual tonsil
21
Q
Where are lingual tonsils located?
A
Located at the
posterior surface
of the tongue
22
Q
Where are palatine tonsils located?
A
Paired tonsils lying directly posterior to the mouth and palate
on the lateral sides of the pharyngeal wall.
23
Q
What is the laryngopharynx posterior to?
A
- Posterior to the larynx
24
Q
What does the laryngopharynx extend to?
A
Extends to the inferior edge of the cricoid
cartilage
25
What is the laryngopharynx continuous with?
* Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
26
What type of epithelium is the laryngopharynx lined by and what does this provide?
Lined by stratified squamous epithelium-->
provides protection
27
What are the 2 muscle types if the pharynx?
1. Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
2. Pharyngeal longitudinal muscles
28
Name the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles
1. Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
2. Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
3. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
29
Name the 3 pharyngeal longitudinal muscles
1. Stylopharyngeus muscle
2. Palatopharyngeus muscle
3. Salpingopharyngeus muscle
30
What is the origin of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
Pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of
mylohyoid line of mandible, pterygoid hamulus
31
Where is the insertion of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
Pharyngeal raphe
32
What is the function of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
Constricts upper portion of pharynx
33
What is the innervation of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
Vagus nerve (CNX)
34
What is the origin of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
Greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone and
stylohyoid ligament
35
Where is the insertion of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
Pharyngeal raphe
36
What is the function of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
Pharyngeal raphe
37
What is the function of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
Constricts middle portion of pharynx
38
What is the innervation of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
Vagus nerve (CNX)
39
What is the origin of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle for the thyropharyngeal part and the cricopharyngeal part?
Thyropharyngeal part: oblique line of thyroid
cartilage
Cricopharyngeal part: cricoid cartilage
40
What is the insertion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle for the thyropharyngeal part and the cricopharyngeal part?
Pharyngeal raphe
41
What is the function of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle for the thyropharyngeal part and the cricopharyngeal part?
Constricts inferior portion of pharynx
42
What is the innervation of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle for the thyropharyngeal part and the cricopharyngeal part?
Vagus nerve (CNX)
43
What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Styloid process of temporal bone
44
What is the insertion of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Pharyngeal wall (blends with pharyngeal constrictors)
45
What is the function of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Elevation of pharynx and larynx
46
What is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
47
What is the origin of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
Posterior process of hard palate and palatine
aponeurosis
48
What is the insertion of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
Pharyngeal wall (blends with contralateral
palatopharyngeus muscle)
49
What is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
Elevation of pharynx ;shortens pharynx
50
What is the innervation of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
Vagus nerve (CNX)
51
What is the origin of the Salpingopharyngeus muscle?
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic tube
52
What is the insertion of the Salpingopharyngeus muscle?
Pharyngeal wall (blends with palatopharyngeus
muscle)
53
What is the function of the Salpingopharyngeus muscle?
Elevation of pharynx
54
What is the innervation of the Elevation of pharynx?
Vagus nerve (CNX)
55
What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity
1. Vestibule of the nasal cavity
2. Respiratory region of the nasal cavity
3. Olfactory region of the nasal cavity
56
What is general sensory innervation to the nasal cavity delivered by?
General sensory innervation to the nasal cavity is delivered by the
ophthalmic [CNV1] and maxillary divisions [CNV2] of the trigeminal
nerve [CNV]
57
What is the nasal septum made up of?
* Septal cartilage (anteriorly)
* Perpendicular plate of ethmoid (superiorly and
posteriorly)
* Vomer (inferior and posterior)
58
What are the effects of a deviated septum?
Occlusion of one of the two nasal chambers (partial or complete) leading to difficulty in breathing
59
What is the treatment for deviated septum?
Septoplasty
60
What are the 3 nasal conchae/nasal turbinates?
1. Superior nasal concha
2. Middle nasal concha
3. Inferior nasal concha
61
What is the superior nasal concha?
Bony projection from ethmoid bone
62
What is the ethmoid bone part of?
Ethmoid bone is
part of the anterior
cranial fossa and the
nasal cavity
63
What is the middle nasal concha?
Bony projection from ethmoid bone
64
What is the inferior nasal concha?
It is an independent bone
65
What are the 3 nasal meati?
1. Superior nasal meatus
2. Middle nasal meatus
3. Inferior nasal meatus
66
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery that supply the nasal cavities?
1. Anterior ethmoidal artery
2. Posterior ethmoidal artery
67
What are the branches of the external carotid artery that supply the nasal cavity?
1. Greater palatine artery
2. Sphenopalatine artery
3. Superior labial artery
4. Lateral nasal artery
68
What is anterior epistaxis?
* Bleeding from the anterior part of the nasal cavity
69
Where does anterior epistaxis usually originate from?
Usually originates from Kiesselbach’s plexus
70
What is the most common type of epistaxis?
Anterior Epistaxis
71
What is posterior epistaxis?
* Bleeding from the posterior or superior
nasal cavity
72
Where does posterior epistaxis usually originate from?
* Usually originates from Woodruff’s plexus
73
What are paranasal sinuses?
* Cavities within the skull filled with air
74
What epithelium are paranasal sinuses lined by?
Lined by ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelial cells
75
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
* Lighten the skull
* Increase resonance of voice
* Humidify inspired air
* Facilitate the immune defense of
the nasal cavity
76
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
* Maxillary
* Frontal
* Sphenoidal
* Ethmoidal
77
Where is the frontal sinus located?
Located within the
frontal bone
78
What is the shape of the frontal sinus?
Flattened triangular
shape
79
What is ostium? What is the location of the ostium of the frontal sinus?
Ostium means opening into cavity
-Located in middle meatus
80
What is the shape like for maxillary sinus?
* Large pyramidal cavity
81
Where is the maxillary sinus located within?
Located within the
maxilla
82
Where is the location of the ostium of maxillary sinus?
* Middle meatus
83
Why are maxillary sinus more prone to infections?
* Its ostium is located at the superior
part of the sinus
* Ostium lies at an obtuse angle toward
the nasal roof difficult to be emptied
in the erect position
84
What is the ethmoidal sinus divided into?
1. Anterior
2. Middle
3. Posterior
85
What is the location for the ostium of the anterior ethmoidal air cells?
middle meatus
86
What is the location for the ostium of the middle ethmoidal air cells?
middle meatus
87
What is the location for the ostium of the posterior ethmoidal air cells?
Superior meatus
88
What is the shape like for spenoid sinus?
Large irregularly shaped
cavities
89
What is the location of the ostium of the spehnoid sinus?
* Sphenoethmoidal recess
(superoposterior to the
superior nasal concha)
90
What sinuses don't drain into the inferior nasal meatus?
None of the paranasal
sinuses drains into the
inferior nasal meatus
