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Anatomy > Head and Neck I > Flashcards

Head and Neck I Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pharynx attach to superiorly?

A

base of skull

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2
Q

What does the pharynx attach to inferiorly?

A

esophagus

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3
Q

What does the pharynx attach laterally to?

A

nasal and oral cavities and
larynx

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4
Q

Where is the nasopharynx posterior to?

A

Nasopharynx is posterior to nasal cavity

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5
Q

What is the oropharynx posterior to?

A

posterior to the oral cavity

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6
Q

What is the laryngopharynx posterior to?

A

posterior to the larynx

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7
Q

What is the location of the most superior division of pharynx and what is it continuous with?

A

-Posterior to the nasal cavity
-Continuous with the nasal cavity via the choana

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8
Q

What bone is the nasopharynx inferior to?

A

Inferior to the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

What is the nasopharynx superior to?

A

Superior to the level of the soft palate

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is the nasopharynx lined by and what does this do?

A

Lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium–> propelling mucus

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11
Q

What are prominent features of the nasopharynx?

A

*Pharyngeal tonsils
*Opening of pharyngotympanic tube

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12
Q

What does the pharyngotmypanic tube connect?

A

Connects the middle ear to the
nasopharynx

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13
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube equalise?

A

Equalizes pressure on both sides of the
tympanic membrane

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14
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube drain?

A
  • Drains mucus from the middle ear
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15
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube consist of?

A
  • Bony part (1/3rd)
  • Cartilaginous part (remaining 2/3rd)
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16
Q

What is the oropharynx posterior to?

A
  • Posterior to the oral cavity
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17
Q

What is the oropharynx inferior to?

A
  • Inferior to the level of the soft palate
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18
Q

What is the oropharynx superior to?

A

Superior to the upper margin of the
epiglottis

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19
Q

What type of epithelium is the oropharynx lined by?

A

Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
provides protection

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20
Q

What are prominent features of the oropharynx?

A

*Palatine tonsils
*Lingual tonsil

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21
Q

Where are lingual tonsils located?

A

Located at the
posterior surface
of the tongue

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22
Q

Where are palatine tonsils located?

A

Paired tonsils lying directly posterior to the mouth and palate
on the lateral sides of the pharyngeal wall.

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23
Q

What is the laryngopharynx posterior to?

A
  • Posterior to the larynx
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24
Q

What does the laryngopharynx extend to?

A

Extends to the inferior edge of the cricoid
cartilage

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25
Q

What is the laryngopharynx continuous with?

A
  • Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
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26
Q

What type of epithelium is the laryngopharynx lined by and what does this provide?

A

Lined by stratified squamous epithelium–>
provides protection

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27
Q

What are the 2 muscle types if the pharynx?

A
  1. Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
  2. Pharyngeal longitudinal muscles
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28
Q

Name the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A
  1. Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
  2. Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
  3. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
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29
Q

Name the 3 pharyngeal longitudinal muscles

A
  1. Stylopharyngeus muscle
  2. Palatopharyngeus muscle
  3. Salpingopharyngeus muscle
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30
Q

What is the origin of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of
mylohyoid line of mandible, pterygoid hamulus

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31
Q

Where is the insertion of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Pharyngeal raphe

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32
Q

What is the function of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Constricts upper portion of pharynx

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33
Q

What is the innervation of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Vagus nerve (CNX)

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34
Q

What is the origin of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone and
stylohyoid ligament

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35
Q

Where is the insertion of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Pharyngeal raphe

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36
Q

What is the function of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Pharyngeal raphe

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37
Q

What is the function of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Constricts middle portion of pharynx

38
Q

What is the innervation of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Vagus nerve (CNX)

39
Q

What is the origin of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle for the thyropharyngeal part and the cricopharyngeal part?

A

Thyropharyngeal part: oblique line of thyroid
cartilage
Cricopharyngeal part: cricoid cartilage

40
Q

What is the insertion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle for the thyropharyngeal part and the cricopharyngeal part?

A

Pharyngeal raphe

41
Q

What is the function of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle for the thyropharyngeal part and the cricopharyngeal part?

A

Constricts inferior portion of pharynx

42
Q

What is the innervation of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle for the thyropharyngeal part and the cricopharyngeal part?

A

Vagus nerve (CNX)

43
Q

What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Styloid process of temporal bone

44
Q

What is the insertion of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Pharyngeal wall (blends with pharyngeal constrictors)

45
Q

What is the function of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Elevation of pharynx and larynx

46
Q

What is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

47
Q

What is the origin of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

Posterior process of hard palate and palatine
aponeurosis

48
Q

What is the insertion of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

Pharyngeal wall (blends with contralateral
palatopharyngeus muscle)

49
Q

What is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

Elevation of pharynx ;shortens pharynx

50
Q

What is the innervation of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

Vagus nerve (CNX)

51
Q

What is the origin of the Salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic tube

52
Q

What is the insertion of the Salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

Pharyngeal wall (blends with palatopharyngeus
muscle)

53
Q

What is the function of the Salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

Elevation of pharynx

54
Q

What is the innervation of the Elevation of pharynx?

A

Vagus nerve (CNX)

55
Q

What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity

A
  1. Vestibule of the nasal cavity
  2. Respiratory region of the nasal cavity
  3. Olfactory region of the nasal cavity
56
Q

What is general sensory innervation to the nasal cavity delivered by?

A

General sensory innervation to the nasal cavity is delivered by the
ophthalmic [CNV1] and maxillary divisions [CNV2] of the trigeminal
nerve [CNV]

57
Q

What is the nasal septum made up of?

A
  • Septal cartilage (anteriorly)
  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid (superiorly and
    posteriorly)
  • Vomer (inferior and posterior)
58
Q

What are the effects of a deviated septum?

A

Occlusion of one of the two nasal chambers (partial or complete) leading to difficulty in breathing

59
Q

What is the treatment for deviated septum?

A

Septoplasty

60
Q

What are the 3 nasal conchae/nasal turbinates?

A
  1. Superior nasal concha
  2. Middle nasal concha
  3. Inferior nasal concha
61
Q

What is the superior nasal concha?

A

Bony projection from ethmoid bone

62
Q

What is the ethmoid bone part of?

A

Ethmoid bone is
part of the anterior
cranial fossa and the
nasal cavity

63
Q

What is the middle nasal concha?

A

Bony projection from ethmoid bone

64
Q

What is the inferior nasal concha?

A

It is an independent bone

65
Q

What are the 3 nasal meati?

A
  1. Superior nasal meatus
  2. Middle nasal meatus
  3. Inferior nasal meatus
66
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery that supply the nasal cavities?

A
  1. Anterior ethmoidal artery
  2. Posterior ethmoidal artery
67
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery that supply the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Greater palatine artery
  2. Sphenopalatine artery
  3. Superior labial artery
  4. Lateral nasal artery
68
Q

What is anterior epistaxis?

A
  • Bleeding from the anterior part of the nasal cavity
69
Q

Where does anterior epistaxis usually originate from?

A

Usually originates from Kiesselbach’s plexus

70
Q

What is the most common type of epistaxis?

A

Anterior Epistaxis

71
Q

What is posterior epistaxis?

A
  • Bleeding from the posterior or superior
    nasal cavity
72
Q

Where does posterior epistaxis usually originate from?

A
  • Usually originates from Woodruff’s plexus
73
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Cavities within the skull filled with air
74
Q

What epithelium are paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

Lined by ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelial cells

75
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Lighten the skull
  • Increase resonance of voice
  • Humidify inspired air
  • Facilitate the immune defense of
    the nasal cavity
76
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Maxillary
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoidal
  • Ethmoidal
77
Q

Where is the frontal sinus located?

A

Located within the
frontal bone

78
Q

What is the shape of the frontal sinus?

A

Flattened triangular
shape

79
Q

What is ostium? What is the location of the ostium of the frontal sinus?

A

Ostium means opening into cavity
-Located in middle meatus

80
Q

What is the shape like for maxillary sinus?

A
  • Large pyramidal cavity
81
Q

Where is the maxillary sinus located within?

A

Located within the
maxilla

82
Q

Where is the location of the ostium of maxillary sinus?

A
  • Middle meatus
83
Q

Why are maxillary sinus more prone to infections?

A
  • Its ostium is located at the superior
    part of the sinus
  • Ostium lies at an obtuse angle toward
    the nasal roof difficult to be emptied
    in the erect position
84
Q

What is the ethmoidal sinus divided into?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle
  3. Posterior
85
Q

What is the location for the ostium of the anterior ethmoidal air cells?

A

middle meatus

86
Q

What is the location for the ostium of the middle ethmoidal air cells?

A

middle meatus

87
Q

What is the location for the ostium of the posterior ethmoidal air cells?

A

Superior meatus

88
Q

What is the shape like for spenoid sinus?

A

Large irregularly shaped
cavities

89
Q

What is the location of the ostium of the spehnoid sinus?

A
  • Sphenoethmoidal recess
    (superoposterior to the
    superior nasal concha)
90
Q

What sinuses don’t drain into the inferior nasal meatus?

A

None of the paranasal
sinuses drains into the
inferior nasal meatus

Anatomy (12 decks)

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