Anatomy abdomen 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is it called when the bodies of lumbar vertebrae project forward?
A
Lordosis
2
Q
What are the attachments of the psoas major?
A
Transverse process of
T12 – L4
3
Q
What is the function of the psoas major?
A
- Flexes thigh at hip joint and
flex trunk - Lumbar plexus embedded in muscle
4
Q
What are the functions of the iliacus?
A
Iliac fossa
5
Q
What is the function of the iliacus?
A
Flexion thigh at hip joint
and flex trunk
6
Q
What is the iliopsoas?
A
Union of muscle fibres of psoas major
and iliacus
7
Q
What does the iliopsoas insert onto?
A
Inserts onto lesser trochanter of
femur
8
Q
What are the attachments of the psoas minor?
A
Vertebral bodies of
T12 – L1, pectineal line
9
Q
What is the function of the psoas minor?
A
Assists flexion of trunk
10
Q
What are the attachments of the quadratus lumborum?
A
Iliac crest,12th rib,
transverse process L1 - L4
11
Q
What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?
A
Extends and laterally
flexes vertebral column
12
Q
What does the right crus of the diaphragm attach to?
A
Attaches to L1-L3
13
Q
What structures do the fibres of the right crus continue around?
A
Fibres continue around oesophageal hiatus
14
Q
What does the left crus of the diaphragm attach to?
A
Attaches to L1 – L2
15
Q
What structures do the fibres of the left crus continue around?
A
Fibres continue around oesophageal hiatus
16
Q
What vertebrae level is the caval opening and what structures are present there?
A
Caval opening (T8)
-Inferior vena cava
-Right phrenic nerve
17
Q
What vertebrae level is the oesophageal hiatus and what structures are present there?
A
Oesophageal Hiatus (T10)
-Oesophagus
-Anterior vagal trunk
-Posterior vagal trunk
18
Q
What vertebrae level is the aortic hiatus and what structures are present there?
A
Aortic Hiatus (T12)
-Aorta
-Thoracic duct
-Azygos vein
19
Q
What is the lumbar plexus formed within?
A
Formed within the
substances of the psoas
major muscle
20
Q
What vertebrae level is the lumbar plexus?
A
L1-L4
21
Q
What does the lumbar plexus provide motor and sensory innervation to?
A
- Thigh
- Pelvis
- Abdominal wall
- Parietal peritoneum
22
Q
Where does the subcostal nerve originate from?
A
T12
23
Q
Where does the iliohypogastric nerve originate from?
A
L1
24
Q
Where does the ilioinguinal nerve originate from?
A
L1
25
Where does the genitofemoral nerve originate from?
L1-L2
26
Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh originate from?
L2-L3
27
Where does the Femoral nerve originate from?
L2-L4
28
Where does the obturator nerve originate from?
L2-L4
29
Where is the sensory function of the iliohypogastric nerve?
Posterolateral gluteal region
Mons pubis
30
Where is the motor function of the iliohypogastric nerve?
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
31
Where is the sensory function of the ilioinguinal nerve?
Upper medial thigh
Root of penis and anterior scrotum
Mons pubis and labia majora
32
Where is the motor function of the ilioinguinal nerve?
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
33
Where is the sensory function of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerce?
Anterior scrotum or
mons pubis and labia majora
34
Where is the sensory function of the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve?
Upper anterior thigh
35
What is the motor function of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve?
Cremaster muscle of
scrotum
36
What type of glands are the suprarenal glands?
Endocrine glands
37
Where do suprarenal glands lie?
Lie on upper pole of kidney
38
What are suprarenal glands surrounded by?
Surrounded by renal fascia
39
What is the yellow cortex of the suprarenal glands derived from?
Derived from mesoderm
40
What does the yellow cortex of the suprarenal glands secrete?
Secretes corticosteroids
and androgens
41
What is the brown medulla of the suprarenal glands derived from?
Derived from neural crest
42
What is the brown medulla of the suprarenal glands the main source of?
Main source of
catecholamines (adrenaline
and noradrenaline)
43
What shape is the right suprarenal gland?
Pyramidal shaped
44
What shape is the left suprarenal gland?
Crescent shaped
45
What is the arterial supply for the right adrenal gland?
1. Superior suprarenal arteries branching of inferior phrenic artery
2. Inferior suprarenal arteries branching of renal artery
46
What is the arterial supply for the left adrenal gland?
Middle suprarenal arteries branching of aorta
47
What is the venous drainage of the right suprarenal gland?
Right suprarenal vein draining into IVC
48
What is the venous drainage of the left suprarenal gland?
Left suprarenal vein draining into left renal vein
49
How many pints of blood does the kidney filter every hour?
113 to 144 pints of blood
every hour
50
What is an example of a primary retroperitoneal organ?
Kidneys
51
What rib level is the superior pole of left kidney?
11-12th rib
52
What rib level is the superior pole of the right kidney?
12th rib
53
What vertebrae level are kidneys located?
T12-L3
54
How many cm does each kidney move during respiration?
2cm
55
Which pole of the kidneys can usually be palpated?
Lower pole
56
What is ectopic kidney/pelvic kidney?
Congenitally misplaced kidney
57
What does malposition of ureters predispose them to and result in?
Malposition of ureters, predisposes them to obstruction leading to Hydronephrosis
58
What are the 4 coverings of the kidneys?
1. Renal capsule
2. Perinephric fat
3. Renal fascia
4. Paranephric fat
59
What is nephroptosis and what does it result from?
-Kidney falls by at least
two vertebrae and is
capable of moving back
to normal anatomical
site.
-Results from deficient support of perinephric structures
60
How is the renal hilum organised?
Anterior to posterior:
-Renal vein
-Renal artery
-Ureter
61
What does the renal sinus contain?
Contains the renal pelvis
62
What are the 5 segmental arteries in the kidney distributed into?
Distributed into segments of kidney
63
What does the lobar arteries supply?
Lobe of kidney:
* renal pyramid
* Superior cortex
64
What does the interlobar arteries supply?
Runs towards cortex
65
What do the arcuate arteries arch over?
Arch over base of pyramid
66
What do the interlobular arteries ascend into?
Ascend into cortex
67
What do the interlobular arteries give off?
Gives off afferent glomerular
arterioles (bowman’s capsule)
68
What does the interlobular veins receive from?
Receives efferent glomerular veins from
bowman’s capsule
69
What is the preferred side for live donor nephrectomy?
Left side
70
How long is the ureter?
25-30 cm
71
What does the ureter begin as a continuation of?
Begins as a continuation of renal pelvis
72
What is the ureter lined by?
Lined by stratified transitional epithelium
73
What's the diameter of the ureter?
3mm in diameter
74
What is the course of the ureter in the abdomen?
1. Descends anterior to psoas major muscle
(opposite tips of lumbar transverse process)
2. Crosses anterior to genitofemoral nerve
3. Obliquely crossed by gonadal vessels
4. Crosses bifurcation of common iliac
artery to enter pelvis
75
What is the course of the ureter in pelvis?
5. Runs downward in front of internal iliac artery to reach ischial spine
6. Turns forward and medially, to enters the upper lateral angle of urinary bladder.
7. Near its termination, is crossed by the vas deferens in males and uterine artery in females
8. Passes obliquely through the wall of bladder for about ¾ inch before opening into the bladder cavity.
76
What are the 3 potential sites of obstruction and stone impaction in ureters?
1. Ureteropelvic junction
2. Crossing of common iliac artery
3. Site of entrance to bladder
77
What can renal and ureteric calculi cause distension to?
May cause distension of muscular tube
78
What type of pain is ureteric colic and why is this?
Ureteric colic is severe intermittent
pain due to contraction of ureteric
muscles to overcome an obstruction,
usually due to stone or clot formation
79
What is hydronephrosis?
Swelling of kidney
80
What is hydronephrosis caused by?
Caused by blockage in ureter, that may
impedes urine flow
81
What is the ureter arterial supply from superior to inferior?
1. Renal artery
2. Gonadal artery
3. Common iliac artery
4. Internal iliac artery
82
Where is the bladder located?
Located posterior to pubic symphysis
83
Where is the bladder located when its empty?
Lesser pelvis
84
Where does the bladder extend into when full?
Extends into abdominal cavity
85
What is the shape of the bladder?
Pyramidal
86
What does the apex of the bladder point towards?
Points towards pubic symphysis
87
What is the bladder attached to?
Attachment to median umbilical ligament
88
Where does the base of the bladder face?
Faces posteroinferiorly
89
What does the neck of the bladder surround?
Urethra
90
What gender are pubovesical ligaments in, what do they wrap around and what are they attached to?
In females
* Wraps around neck and urethra
* Attached to pubic symphysis
91
What causes stress incontinence in females?
Neck below pelvic floor due to increased intra abdominal
pressure
92
What does the puboprostatic ligament wrap around in males?
Wraps around prostate gland
93
What is the puboprostatic ligament attached to in males?
Attached to pubic symphysis
94
What is the neck in the bladder surrounded by in males?
Neck surrounded by internal urethral sphincter
95
What are the walls formed by in the bladder?
Walls formed by detrusor muscle
96
What is the bladder lined by?
transitional epithelium
97
What is vesical mucosa attached to?
attached loosely to detrusor muscle
98
What happens to vesical mucosa in a fully distended bladder?
mucosa stretched out
99
What happens to vesical mucosa in an empty bladder?
mucosa folds to form trabeculated appearance
100
What is the trigone in the bladder?
Smooth triangular area
101
What is the internal uretral orifice guarded by in males?
Guarded by internal urethral sphincter
102
What happens to the internal urethral orifice during ejaculation in men and why?
Contracts during ejaculation: Prevent backflow of semen
103
What is the ureteric orifice?
Slit-like openings of ureters
104
What does the ureteric orifices prevent?
Prevent reflux of urine into ureters
105
What is the bladder arterial supply in females?
-Superior vesical artery
-Vaginal artery
106
What is the bladder arterial supply in males?
-Superior vesical artery
-Inferior vesical artery
107
What is the superior vesical artery a branch of?
Branch of umbilical artery from Ant. trunk of internal iliac
108
What is the inferior vesical artery a branch of?
Branch of Ant. trunk of internal iliac
109
What do visceral afferent fibres detect in bladder?
Visceral afferent fibres detect stretching of bladder when full
110
What nerves are involved in micturition, what vertebrae level are there roots and what type of reflex is it?
Parasympathetic reflex
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2 – S4)
111
What does the pelvic splanchnic nerve motor to?
Motor to detrusor muscle
112
What is the pelvic splanchnic nerve inhibitory to in males and what does this cause?
Inhibitory to internal urethral sphincter (males): Relaxation
113
What nerves are involved in urine retention, and what type of reflex is this?
Sympathetic reflex
-T10 – L2 spinal nerves
114
What do the spinal nerves T10-L2 cause the relaxation of?
Relaxation of detrusor muscle
115
Where do the T10-L2 spinal nerves motor to>?
Motor to internal urethral sphincter (prevents backflow of urine during ejaculation)
116
What does the female urethra extend from?
Extends from internal urethra meatus to external urethral meatus
117
What is the proximal 2/3s of urethra lined by?
Transitional epithelium
118
What is the distal 1/3rd of the urethra lined by?
Stratified squamous epithelium
119
What is the para-urethral glands homologous to?
Prostate gland
120
What does the paraurethral gland open into?
Opens into lateral margins of urethral orifice
121
What does the external urethral orifice open into?
Opens into vestibule of vagina:
122
What does the external urethral orifice cleft between?
cleft between labia minora.
123
What does the male urethra expel urine nad semen via?
Expels urine and semen via external urethral meatus
124
What are the 4 parts of the urethra in males?
1. Preprostatic part of urethra
2. Prostatic part of urethra
3. Membranous part of urethra
4. Spongy part of urethra
125
How to do a catheter in females?
* Use clitoris to locate external urethral meatus
* Short, straight passage of urethra
