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Anatomy > Anatomy abdomen 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy abdomen 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is it called when the bodies of lumbar vertebrae project forward?

A

Lordosis

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2
Q

What are the attachments of the psoas major?

A

Transverse process of
T12 – L4

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3
Q

What is the function of the psoas major?

A
  • Flexes thigh at hip joint and
    flex trunk
  • Lumbar plexus embedded in muscle
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4
Q

What are the functions of the iliacus?

A

Iliac fossa

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5
Q

What is the function of the iliacus?

A

Flexion thigh at hip joint
and flex trunk

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6
Q

What is the iliopsoas?

A

Union of muscle fibres of psoas major
and iliacus

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7
Q

What does the iliopsoas insert onto?

A

Inserts onto lesser trochanter of
femur

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8
Q

What are the attachments of the psoas minor?

A

Vertebral bodies of
T12 – L1, pectineal line

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9
Q

What is the function of the psoas minor?

A

Assists flexion of trunk

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10
Q

What are the attachments of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Iliac crest,12th rib,
transverse process L1 - L4

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11
Q

What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Extends and laterally
flexes vertebral column

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12
Q

What does the right crus of the diaphragm attach to?

A

Attaches to L1-L3

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13
Q

What structures do the fibres of the right crus continue around?

A

Fibres continue around oesophageal hiatus

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14
Q

What does the left crus of the diaphragm attach to?

A

Attaches to L1 – L2

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15
Q

What structures do the fibres of the left crus continue around?

A

Fibres continue around oesophageal hiatus

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16
Q

What vertebrae level is the caval opening and what structures are present there?

A

Caval opening (T8)
-Inferior vena cava
-Right phrenic nerve

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17
Q

What vertebrae level is the oesophageal hiatus and what structures are present there?

A

Oesophageal Hiatus (T10)
-Oesophagus
-Anterior vagal trunk
-Posterior vagal trunk

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18
Q

What vertebrae level is the aortic hiatus and what structures are present there?

A

Aortic Hiatus (T12)
-Aorta
-Thoracic duct
-Azygos vein

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19
Q

What is the lumbar plexus formed within?

A

Formed within the
substances of the psoas
major muscle

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20
Q

What vertebrae level is the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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21
Q

What does the lumbar plexus provide motor and sensory innervation to?

A
  • Thigh
  • Pelvis
  • Abdominal wall
  • Parietal peritoneum
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22
Q

Where does the subcostal nerve originate from?

A

T12

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23
Q

Where does the iliohypogastric nerve originate from?

A

L1

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24
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve originate from?

A

L1

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25
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve originate from?

A

L1-L2

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26
Q

Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh originate from?

A

L2-L3

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27
Q

Where does the Femoral nerve originate from?

A

L2-L4

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28
Q

Where does the obturator nerve originate from?

A

L2-L4

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29
Q

Where is the sensory function of the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

Posterolateral gluteal region
Mons pubis

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30
Q

Where is the motor function of the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

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31
Q

Where is the sensory function of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

Upper medial thigh
Root of penis and anterior scrotum
Mons pubis and labia majora

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32
Q

Where is the motor function of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

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33
Q

Where is the sensory function of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerce?

A

Anterior scrotum or
mons pubis and labia majora

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34
Q

Where is the sensory function of the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

Upper anterior thigh

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35
Q

What is the motor function of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

Cremaster muscle of
scrotum

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36
Q

What type of glands are the suprarenal glands?

A

Endocrine glands

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37
Q

Where do suprarenal glands lie?

A

Lie on upper pole of kidney

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38
Q

What are suprarenal glands surrounded by?

A

Surrounded by renal fascia

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39
Q

What is the yellow cortex of the suprarenal glands derived from?

A

Derived from mesoderm

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40
Q

What does the yellow cortex of the suprarenal glands secrete?

A

Secretes corticosteroids
and androgens

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41
Q

What is the brown medulla of the suprarenal glands derived from?

A

Derived from neural crest

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42
Q

What is the brown medulla of the suprarenal glands the main source of?

A

Main source of
catecholamines (adrenaline
and noradrenaline)

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43
Q

What shape is the right suprarenal gland?

A

Pyramidal shaped

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44
Q

What shape is the left suprarenal gland?

A

Crescent shaped

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45
Q

What is the arterial supply for the right adrenal gland?

A
  1. Superior suprarenal arteries branching of inferior phrenic artery
  2. Inferior suprarenal arteries branching of renal artery
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46
Q

What is the arterial supply for the left adrenal gland?

A

Middle suprarenal arteries branching of aorta

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47
Q

What is the venous drainage of the right suprarenal gland?

A

Right suprarenal vein draining into IVC

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48
Q

What is the venous drainage of the left suprarenal gland?

A

Left suprarenal vein draining into left renal vein

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49
Q

How many pints of blood does the kidney filter every hour?

A

113 to 144 pints of blood
every hour

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50
Q

What is an example of a primary retroperitoneal organ?

A

Kidneys

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51
Q

What rib level is the superior pole of left kidney?

A

11-12th rib

52
Q

What rib level is the superior pole of the right kidney?

A

12th rib

53
Q

What vertebrae level are kidneys located?

A

T12-L3

54
Q

How many cm does each kidney move during respiration?

A

2cm

55
Q

Which pole of the kidneys can usually be palpated?

A

Lower pole

56
Q

What is ectopic kidney/pelvic kidney?

A

Congenitally misplaced kidney

57
Q

What does malposition of ureters predispose them to and result in?

A

Malposition of ureters, predisposes them to obstruction leading to Hydronephrosis

58
Q

What are the 4 coverings of the kidneys?

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Perinephric fat
  3. Renal fascia
  4. Paranephric fat
59
Q

What is nephroptosis and what does it result from?

A

-Kidney falls by at least
two vertebrae and is
capable of moving back
to normal anatomical
site.
-Results from deficient support of perinephric structures

60
Q

How is the renal hilum organised?

A

Anterior to posterior:
-Renal vein
-Renal artery
-Ureter

61
Q

What does the renal sinus contain?

A

Contains the renal pelvis

62
Q

What are the 5 segmental arteries in the kidney distributed into?

A

Distributed into segments of kidney

63
Q

What does the lobar arteries supply?

A

Lobe of kidney:
* renal pyramid
* Superior cortex

64
Q

What does the interlobar arteries supply?

A

Runs towards cortex

65
Q

What do the arcuate arteries arch over?

A

Arch over base of pyramid

66
Q

What do the interlobular arteries ascend into?

A

Ascend into cortex

67
Q

What do the interlobular arteries give off?

A

Gives off afferent glomerular
arterioles (bowman’s capsule)

68
Q

What does the interlobular veins receive from?

A

Receives efferent glomerular veins from
bowman’s capsule

69
Q

What is the preferred side for live donor nephrectomy?

A

Left side

70
Q

How long is the ureter?

A

25-30 cm

71
Q

What does the ureter begin as a continuation of?

A

Begins as a continuation of renal pelvis

72
Q

What is the ureter lined by?

A

Lined by stratified transitional epithelium

73
Q

What’s the diameter of the ureter?

A

3mm in diameter

74
Q

What is the course of the ureter in the abdomen?

A
  1. Descends anterior to psoas major muscle
    (opposite tips of lumbar transverse process)
  2. Crosses anterior to genitofemoral nerve
  3. Obliquely crossed by gonadal vessels
  4. Crosses bifurcation of common iliac
    artery to enter pelvis
75
Q

What is the course of the ureter in pelvis?

A
  1. Runs downward in front of internal iliac artery to reach ischial spine
  2. Turns forward and medially, to enters the upper lateral angle of urinary bladder.
  3. Near its termination, is crossed by the vas deferens in males and uterine artery in females
  4. Passes obliquely through the wall of bladder for about ¾ inch before opening into the bladder cavity.
76
Q

What are the 3 potential sites of obstruction and stone impaction in ureters?

A
  1. Ureteropelvic junction
  2. Crossing of common iliac artery
  3. Site of entrance to bladder
77
Q

What can renal and ureteric calculi cause distension to?

A

May cause distension of muscular tube

78
Q

What type of pain is ureteric colic and why is this?

A

Ureteric colic is severe intermittent
pain due to contraction of ureteric
muscles to overcome an obstruction,
usually due to stone or clot formation

79
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Swelling of kidney

80
Q

What is hydronephrosis caused by?

A

Caused by blockage in ureter, that may
impedes urine flow

81
Q

What is the ureter arterial supply from superior to inferior?

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Gonadal artery
  3. Common iliac artery
  4. Internal iliac artery
82
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A

Located posterior to pubic symphysis

83
Q

Where is the bladder located when its empty?

A

Lesser pelvis

84
Q

Where does the bladder extend into when full?

A

Extends into abdominal cavity

85
Q

What is the shape of the bladder?

A

Pyramidal

86
Q

What does the apex of the bladder point towards?

A

Points towards pubic symphysis

87
Q

What is the bladder attached to?

A

Attachment to median umbilical ligament

88
Q

Where does the base of the bladder face?

A

Faces posteroinferiorly

89
Q

What does the neck of the bladder surround?

A

Urethra

90
Q

What gender are pubovesical ligaments in, what do they wrap around and what are they attached to?

A

In females
* Wraps around neck and urethra
* Attached to pubic symphysis

91
Q

What causes stress incontinence in females?

A

Neck below pelvic floor due to increased intra abdominal
pressure

92
Q

What does the puboprostatic ligament wrap around in males?

A

Wraps around prostate gland

93
Q

What is the puboprostatic ligament attached to in males?

A

Attached to pubic symphysis

94
Q

What is the neck in the bladder surrounded by in males?

A

Neck surrounded by internal urethral sphincter

95
Q

What are the walls formed by in the bladder?

A

Walls formed by detrusor muscle

96
Q

What is the bladder lined by?

A

transitional epithelium

97
Q

What is vesical mucosa attached to?

A

attached loosely to detrusor muscle

98
Q

What happens to vesical mucosa in a fully distended bladder?

A

mucosa stretched out

99
Q

What happens to vesical mucosa in an empty bladder?

A

mucosa folds to form trabeculated appearance

100
Q

What is the trigone in the bladder?

A

Smooth triangular area

101
Q

What is the internal uretral orifice guarded by in males?

A

Guarded by internal urethral sphincter

102
Q

What happens to the internal urethral orifice during ejaculation in men and why?

A

Contracts during ejaculation: Prevent backflow of semen

103
Q

What is the ureteric orifice?

A

Slit-like openings of ureters

104
Q

What does the ureteric orifices prevent?

A

Prevent reflux of urine into ureters

105
Q

What is the bladder arterial supply in females?

A

-Superior vesical artery
-Vaginal artery

106
Q

What is the bladder arterial supply in males?

A

-Superior vesical artery
-Inferior vesical artery

107
Q

What is the superior vesical artery a branch of?

A

Branch of umbilical artery from Ant. trunk of internal iliac

108
Q

What is the inferior vesical artery a branch of?

A

Branch of Ant. trunk of internal iliac

109
Q

What do visceral afferent fibres detect in bladder?

A

Visceral afferent fibres detect stretching of bladder when full

110
Q

What nerves are involved in micturition, what vertebrae level are there roots and what type of reflex is it?

A

Parasympathetic reflex
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2 – S4)

111
Q

What does the pelvic splanchnic nerve motor to?

A

Motor to detrusor muscle

112
Q

What is the pelvic splanchnic nerve inhibitory to in males and what does this cause?

A

Inhibitory to internal urethral sphincter (males): Relaxation

113
Q

What nerves are involved in urine retention, and what type of reflex is this?

A

Sympathetic reflex
-T10 – L2 spinal nerves

114
Q

What do the spinal nerves T10-L2 cause the relaxation of?

A

Relaxation of detrusor muscle

115
Q

Where do the T10-L2 spinal nerves motor to>?

A

Motor to internal urethral sphincter (prevents backflow of urine during ejaculation)

116
Q

What does the female urethra extend from?

A

Extends from internal urethra meatus to external urethral meatus

117
Q

What is the proximal 2/3s of urethra lined by?

A

Transitional epithelium

118
Q

What is the distal 1/3rd of the urethra lined by?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

119
Q

What is the para-urethral glands homologous to?

A

Prostate gland

120
Q

What does the paraurethral gland open into?

A

Opens into lateral margins of urethral orifice

121
Q

What does the external urethral orifice open into?

A

Opens into vestibule of vagina:

122
Q

What does the external urethral orifice cleft between?

A

cleft between labia minora.

123
Q

What does the male urethra expel urine nad semen via?

A

Expels urine and semen via external urethral meatus

124
Q

What are the 4 parts of the urethra in males?

A
  1. Preprostatic part of urethra
  2. Prostatic part of urethra
  3. Membranous part of urethra
  4. Spongy part of urethra
125
Q

How to do a catheter in females?

A
  • Use clitoris to locate external urethral meatus
  • Short, straight passage of urethra

Anatomy (12 decks)

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