Head and Neck (General) Part 3

Question 1

Internal Carotid Artery
Describe 3 characteristics
Name 4 branches

Answer 1

No branches in the neck.
Passes through carotid canal.
Passes through cavernous sinus.

Ophthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior, and middle cerebral arteries.

Question 2

Common Carotid
What branch goes to skull?
What happens if it’s blocked.
Does this cause migraines?

Answer 2

Internal goes in skull.
Stroke!
Not associated with pain. May cause pressure behind eyes.

Question 3

Anterior Cerebral Artery

3 facts including branches.
Pathology.

Answer 3

Smaller terminal branch
Anterior communicating branch joins the arteries.
Distribution–medial aspect of frontal and parietal lobes.

Not common but can occlude. Difficulty with decisions, and personality.

Question 4

Middle Cerebral Artery

2 facts
Pathology

Answer 4

Larger terminal branch–supplies much of lateral aspect of brain.
Lots of strokes–memory (retrograde or forward amnesia), speech–may get scrambled.

Question 5

Vertebral Arteries

What does it branch from?
Where does it enter skull?
Name 3 branches.

Answer 5

Branch from subclavian
Enter skull via foramen magnum

Anterior spinal
Posterior spinal (2)
Posterior inferior cerebellar–largest branch.

Question 6

Basilar Artery

2 Where does it form?
4 branches

Answer 6

Formed from union of vertebral arteries.
Ends just rostral to pons. Rostral(top of brain).

Anterior inferior cerebellar.
Internal Auditory
Superior cerebellar
Posterior cerebral–terminal branches

Question 7

Posterior Cerebral Art.
Where does it pass?
How is it distributed?
What happens if it is blocked? such as stroke.

Answer 7

Passes lateral to midbrain.
Distributed on medial surface of occipital and temporal lobes.
Affects vision. Everything functions fine, but it messes up brain interpretation.

Question 8

Cerebral Arterial Circle.
Name the 5 arteries that create it.
What do the penetrating structures supply?
Where is this circle?
What is the purpose of these arteries?

Answer 8

Internal Carotid.
Posterior Cerebral.
Anterior Cerebral.
Anterior Communicating.
Posterior Communicating.
Penetrating branches supply deep structures.
Looks like the anterior pons.
To supply the brain.

Question 9

What nerve is encircled by the Cerebral Circle?

What happens if there is blockage in the cerebral circle?

Answer 9

Optic Nerve.

The optic nerve becomes blocked.

Question 10

Cranial Nerves.
How many pairs?
What part of the nervous system do they belong to? CNS or PNS
How do they get out?
Where do they form?

Answer 10

12 pairs.
PNS
Pass through foramina or fissures in the cranial cavity.
They form on the brain or brainstem.

Question 11

CN 1:
Name
Function
Origin
Foramen
Destination
What type of unique nerve cell are they?

Answer 11

The Olfactory N.
Sensory (smell) in periphery.
Olfactory epithelium (in nose)
Olfactory foramina
Olfactory bulbs.

Question 12

CN II
Name
Function
Origin
Foramen
Destination
How many axons?

Answer 12

The Optic N
Sensory (Vision)
Retina in eye
Optic Canal
Diencephalon, then to occipital lobe. 
Over 1,000,000 axons.

Question 13

Where is the diencephalon?

Answer 13

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Question 14

CN III
Name
Function and what specific muscles?
Origin
Foramen
Destination

Answer 14

The Oculomotor N.
Controls extra-ocular eye muscles (sup., inf, medial rectus, inf oblique, and Levator palpebrae superioris--eyelid)
Mesencephalon (at brain)
Superior orbital fissure
Extra-ocular eye muscles.

Question 15

What is the mesencephalon?

Answer 15

Midbrain

Question 16

CN IV
Name
Function and muscle
Origin 
Foramen
Destination

Answer 16

Trochlear N.
Controls extra-ocular eye muscles. (Sup oblique) (Rolls eye down and a little out)
Mesencephalon
Superior orbital fissure
Extra-ocular eye muscles.

Question 17

CN V
Name
Function and Divisions
Origin

Answer 17

Trigeminal N.
Mixed (sensory & Motor) function.
Opthalmic–Sensations from the forehead, eyelids, and nose.
Maxillary–Sensations from lower eyelid, upper lip, and cheek.
Mandibular–Controls mastication. (moving jaw up and down).
Origin: Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Pons (Mandibular n.)

Question 18

CN V
Foramen
Destination

Answer 18

Foramen:
Opthalmic--Superior obital fissure
Maxillary--Foramen rotundum.
Mandibular--Foramen ovale
(sensations of the face)
Destination:
Ophthalmic and maxillary: Pons
Mandibular: Mandibular muscles.

Question 19

CN VI
Name 
Function and muscle
Origin
Foramen
Destination

Answer 19

Abducens N
Controls Eye Movements--Lateral rectus m. (abduct the eye)
Pons
Superior orbital fissure
Innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle

Question 20

CN VII
Name
Fucntions describe
Origins
Foramen
Destinations

Answer 20

Facial N.
Mixed (sensory and motor)–Sensory: special smell/taste, Motor: muscles of facial expression
Origin: Sensroy: taste buds, Motor: Pons
Foramen: Internal acoustic meatus
Destination: Sensory: Pons, Motor: Muscles of the face.