Head and Neck Anatomy. Chapter 9. Test 1 Flashcards
Bones of the Skull, Temporomandibular Joints, Muscles of the Head and Neck & Salivary Glands
What are the 11 regions of the head?
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Orbital
- Nasal
- Infraorbital
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Oral
- Mental
What is the difference between the teeth of males and females?
Female teeth are smaller, with rounded incisal edges.
Male teeth are larger and are squared incisally.
What bone forms the forehead?
The frontal bone forms the forehead, part of the floor of the cranium, ad most of the roof of orbits (The orbit is the bony cavity that protects the eye).
What bone forms the back and base of the cranium?
The occipital bone forms the back and base of the cranium. It joins the parietal bones at the lambdoid suture. The spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
line of junction between the occipital and parietal bones
lambdoid suture [ˈsuːʧə]
large opening in the occipital bone that connects the vertical canal and the cranial cavity
foramen magnum
What bones form the cheek?
The two zygomatic bones, also known as the molar bones, form the prominence of the cheek and the lateral wall and floor of the orbit.
What bones form the upper jaw and hard palate?
- The two maxillary bones, also known as the maxillae (singular, maxilla), form the upper jaw and part of the hard palate. It’s a palatine process.
- the horizontal plate of the of the palatine bones form the posterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose.
Where is the mental foramen located?
A mental foramen is located on the facial surface on the left and right between the apices of the first and second mandibular premolars.
What are the two basic types of movement by the TMJ?
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a joint on each side of the head that allows movement of the mandible for speech and mastication (chewing).
The TMJ performs two basic types of movement:
- a hinge [hɪnʤ] action that opens and closes the jaw.
- a gliding [ˈglaɪdɪŋ] movement that allows the jaw to shift from side to side (to move forward or backward).
What symptoms might a patient with a TMD have?
TMD’s (temporomandibular disorder) symptoms:
- Pain. Patients may report a wide range of pain types, including headache, pain in and around the ear, pain on chewing, and pain in the face, head and neck.
- Joint sounds. Clicking, popping, or crepitus may be heard when the mouth is opened. Crepitus is the cracking sound that may be heard.
- Limitations in Movement lead to difficulty and pain in chewing, yawning, or widely opening the mouth. Trismus, a spasm of the muscles of mastication, is the most common cause of restricted mandibular movement.
Factor (causes) of TMD
Clenching is holding the teeth tightly together for prolonged periods.
Bruxism [ˈbrʌksɪzəm] is the habitual grinding of the teeth, especially at night.
Other causes includes:
1) accidents involving injuries to the jaw, head, or neck.
2) diseases of the joint, including several varieties of arthritis.
3) malocclusion, in which the teeth come together in a manner that produces abnormal strain on the joint and surrounding tissues.
Which cranial nerve innervates all muscles of mastication?
The mandibular division of the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve innervates all muscles of mastication.
What is the name of the horseshoe-shaped bone at which the muscles of the tongue and the floor of the mouth attach?
Hyoid [ˈhaɪɔɪd] bone
Which of the major salivary glands is the largest?
The parotid salivary gland is the largest of the major salivary glands, but it provides only 25% of the total volume of saliva. It is located in an area just below and in front of the ear. Saliva passes from the parotid gland into the mouth through the parotid duct.
What is another name for the parotid duct?
Stensen’s duct.
A natural opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass is…
foramen
A hollow, grooved, or depressed area in a bone is…
fossa
The external opening of a canal is…
meatus [miːts]
A prominence or projection on a bone is…
process
The jagged line where bones articulate and form a joint that does not move is…
Suture [ˈsuːʧə]
The site where bones come together to form a cartilaginous joint is…
symphysis
A small, rough projection on a bone is…
tubercle [ˈtjuːbək(ə)l]
A large, rounded process on a bone is…
tuberosity
The cranium consists___bones and protect the brain; the face consists of ____ bones.
Cranium - 8 bones.
Face - 14 bones
fontanelle
Newborn. It is the soft spot where the sutures between the frontal and parietal bones have not yet closed.
forms part of the orbit, the floor of the cranium, and the nasal cavity
ethmoid bone
coronal suture is…
the line of articulation between the frontal bone and the parietal bones.
Bones that form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium.
two parietal bones
where the two parietal bones are joined at the midline of the skull is…
sagittal suture
Bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
Temporal bones
bony passage of the outer ear
external auditory meatus. Each temporal bone encloses an ear and contains it.
mastoid process is…
a projection on the temporal bone located just behind the ear.
glenoid fossa
The lower portion of each temporal bone bears the glenoid fossa for articulation with the mandible.
What extends from the undersurface of the temporal bone
the styloid process
forms part of the anterior base of the skull and part of the walls of the orbit
Sphenoid [ˈsfenɔɪd]
bone
located in the sphenoid bone just posterior to the eye.
The sphenoid sinuses
extends downward from the sphenoid bone, consists of two plates
the pterygoid process
the point of origin for the internal and external pterygoid muscles
lateral pterygoid plate
the medial pterygoid plate ends in the hook-shaped ___, which visible on some dental radiograps
hamulus
The medial concha and superior concha are scroll-like structures that extends from___
ethmoid bone
Name bones of the skull and numbers
- frontal (1)
- parietal (2)
- occipital (1)
- temporal (2)
- Sphenoid (1)
- Ethmoid (1)
Name bones of the face and numbers
- zygomatic (2)
- maxillary (2)
- palatine (2)
- nasal (2)
- lacrimal (2)
- vomer (1)
- inferior conchae [ˈkɒŋkə] (2)
- mandible (1)
bones of the middle ear
malleus (hammer), insus (anvil), stapes (stirrup) are named auditory ossicles. These bones transmit vibrations caused by sound waves from the eardrum.
The______of the zygomatic bone extends upward to articulate with the frontal bone at the outer edge of the orbit.
frontal process
Zygomatic arch
The temporal process of the zygomatic bone articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch, which creates the prominence of the cheek.
The _____of maxillary bones extends from upward to articulate with the zygomatic bone.
zygomatic process
The _________ of the maxillary bones forms the support for the teeth of the maxillary arch.
the alveolar process
_______ is a larger, rounded area on the outer surface of the maxillary bones in the are of the posterior teeth.
the maxillary tuberosity. it is also a useful landmark for mounting maxillary radiographs.
paired between the maxille and pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone
the palatine bones. form the posterior part of the hard palate and the floor of the nose
form the bridge of the nose
the two nasal bones
make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye. These small, thin bones lie directly behind the frontal process of the maxillary bones
the two lacrimal bones
A single, flat bone that forms the base for the nasal septum.
vomer
The superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae are formed from the ____
ethmoid bone. And form part of the interior of the nose
The strongest and longest bone of the face
the U-shaped mandible
small, rounded, and raised areas on the inner (medial) surface of the mandible near the syphysis
genial tubercles
on the lingual surface of the body of the mandible
mylohyoid ridge
Area where the mandible meets the ramus
angle of the mandible
on the border of the mandible superior to the angle of the mandible; structure separating the coronoid and condyloid process
mandibular notch or sigmoid notch
the vertical portion located at each end of the mandible
ramus
the anterior portion of each ramus
coronoid process
the posterior process of each ramus; articulates with a fossa in the temporal bones to form the TMJ
Condyloid process (mandibular condyle)
condyloid process, also known as…
mandibular condyle
on the lingual surface of each ramus
mandibular foramen
on the facial surface of the mandible near the base of the ramus
oblique ridge
portion of the mandible directly posterior to the last molar on each side
retromolar area
Unique because it does not articulate with any other bone. Instead, it is suspended from the styloid process by two stylohyoid process between the mandible and the larynx.
the hyoid bone
symphysis menti
At birth, the mandible is present in two halves separated by symphysis menti. During the first year of life, the symphysis menti fuses.
The TMJ is made up of the following three bony parts:
- The glenoid fossa, which is lined with fibrous connective tissue, is an oval depression in the temporal bone just anterior to the external auditory meatus.
- the articular eminence is a raised portion of the temporal bone just anterior to the glenoid fossa.
- The condyloid process of the mandible lies in the glenoid fossa.
______ is the area between the capsular ligament and the surface of the glenoid fossa and condyle.
the articular space
_____, also known as_____, is a cushion of dense, specialized connective tissue that divides the articular space into upper and lower compartments
articular disc, also known as meniscus
which helps lubricate the joint and fills the synovial cavities in the articular space?
synovial fluid
The first phrase in mouth opening
the hinge action. during hinge action, the condylar head rotates around a point on the undersurface of the articular disc, and the body of the mandible drops almost passively downward and backwad.
_____ is the forward movement of the mandible.
protrusion
_____ is the backward movement (reversal movement) of the mandible.
retrusion
gliding movement occurs during….
only protrusion and lateral movements of the mandible and in combination with the hinge action during the wider opening of the mouth.
Side-to-side grinding movements result…..
from alternating contractions of the internal and external pterygoid muscles, first one side and then on the other.
Muscles of the head and neck are divided into seven main groups:
- muscles of the neck
- muscles of the facial expression
- muscles of the mastication
- muscles of the floor of the mouth
- muscles of the tongue
- muscles of the soft palate
- muscles of the pharynx
These cervical muscles can become painful when dental assistants use improper posture while assisting. They are easily palpated on the neck.
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Muscle. Divides the neck region into anterior and lateral posterior cervical triangles; it serves as a landmark of the neck during extraoral examination.
sternocleidomastoid muscle (one of muscles of the neck)
Muscle. Lifts the clavicle and scapula (shoulder blade)—for instance, when the shoulders are shrugged.
trapezius (one of muscles of the neck)
Which muscles do seventh cranial (facial) nerve innervate?
- all the muscles of expression
- posterior belly of digastric
Major muscles of facial expression
orbicularis oris, buccinator, mentalis and zygomatic major
Muscle. Closes and puckers the lips
orbicularis oris (one of muscles expression)
muscle. Compresses the cheeks against the teeth and retracts the angle of the mouth
buccinator (one of muscles expression)
muscle. Raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin and pushes the lower lip up
mentalis (one of muscles expression)
muscle. Draws the angles of the mouth upward and backward, as in laughing
zygomatic major (one of muscles expression)
Major muscles of Mastication
temporalis, masseter, internal (medial) pterygoid, and external (lateral) pterygoid. These muscles work with the TMJ to make all movements of the mandible possible. These muscles are attached to the mandible.
Both muscle raises the mandible to close the jaw.
temporalis and masseter (both of the muscles of mastication)
Muscle. closes the jaw
Internal (medial) pterygoid (one of the muscles of mastication)
Muscle. depresses the mandible to open the jaw
external (lateral) pterygoid (one of the muscles of mastication)
The muscles of the floor of the mouth
digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, and geniohyoid. These muscles are located between the mandible and the hyoid bone.
Muscle. Elevates/raises the tongue
Mylohyoid (one of the muscles of the floor of the mouth)
Which muscles do facial nerve innervate?
- posterior belly of mylohyoid
- anterior belly of digastric
- stylohyoid
Which muscles do mandibular division of the fifth cranial (trigeminal) innervate?
- all muscles of mastication
- anterior belly of mylohyoid
Muscle. Forms a submandibular triangle on each side of the neck
digastric (one of the muscles of the floor of the mouth)
Which muscles do hypoglossal nerve innervate?
- geniohyoid
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus
- styloglossus
Which muscles do pharyngeal plexus innervate?
- palatoglossus
- palatopharyngeal
Muscle. Assists in swallowing
Stylohyoid (one of the muscles of the floor of the mouth)
Muscle. Draws the tongue forward.
geniohyoid (one of the muscles of the floor of the mouth)
Muscles of the tongue
intrinsic (within the tongue) and extrinsic
Intrinsic muscles are responsible for…
shaping the tongue during speaking, chewing, and swallowing
Extrinsic muscles assist in the movement and functioning of the tongue and include…
genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
Muscle. Depresses and protrudes the tongue
Genioglossus (one of the muscles of the tongue).
Muscle. Retracts and pulls down the side of the tongue
Hyoglossus (one of the muscles of the tongue).
Muscle. Retracts the tongue
styloglossus (one of the muscles of the tongue).
The major muscles of the soft palate
Palatoglossus and palatopharyngeal
Muscle. Elevates the tongue and pulls it slightly backward
Palatoglossus (one of the muscles of the tongue).
Muscle. Forms posterior pillar of fauces; serves to narrow fauces and helps shut off nasopharynx
palatopharyngeal (one of the muscles of the tongue).
Functions of saliva:
- lubricates and cleanses the oral cavity
- aids the digestion of food through an enzymatic process
- maintain the integrity of tooth surface through a process of remineralization.
- involved in the formation of dental plaque and supplies minerals for supragingival calculus formation.
The salivary glands produce two types of saliva:
- Serous saliva is watery, mainly protein fluid. Produced by the parotid gland
- Mucous saliva is very thick, mainly carbohydrate fluid. The submandibular and sublingual glands each produce a combination of serous and mucous saliva.
Salivary glands are classified by…
their size as major or minor
Von Ebner’s salivary gland is associated with
the circumvallate lingual papillae on the tongue
Location of minor salivary glands
scattered in the tissues of the buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa; the soft palate; the lateral portion of the hard palate; and the floor of the mouth
The three large paired salivary glands are
the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
Сharacteristic of the submandibular salivary gland
About the size of a walnut, is the second largest salivary gland. This gland provides 60% to 65% of the total volume of saliva. The gland releases saliva into the oral cavity through the submandibular duct, also known as Wharton’s duct, which ends in the sublingual caruncles.
Сharacteristic of the sublingual salivary gland
the smallest of the three major salivary glands. It provides only 10% of the total salivary volume. It releases saliva into the oral cavity through the sublingual duct, also known as Bartholin’s duct. A stone, or sialolith, may block the salivary glands in the duct opening, preventing saliva from flowing into the mouth and may be removed surgically (it’s dangerous), also, sometimes it can be removed by milking the duct
What structure completely encloses the joint?
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is completely enclosed by a fibrous joint capsule.
What is the scientific term for dry mouth?
xerostomia
