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Dental Assisting > Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 7. Test 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 7. Test 2 Flashcards

The Skeletal System, The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Brain

1
Q

What are the three layers of bone?

A
  • Periosteum.
  • compact bone
  • cancellous bone and marrow
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2
Q

The periosteum is anchored to bone by what?

A

The periosteum is anchored to bone by Sharpey’s fibers, which penetrate the underlying bone matrix.

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3
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A

Cartilage is a strong flexible tissue that covers the ends of your bones at the joint (allowing the bones to glide over each other). In addition, it gives shape and support to your nose, ears, and trachea. Nonvascular connective tissue.

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4
Q

Which type of joint does not move?

A

Fibrous joints do not move. For example, the dome of the scull, which is made of bony plates that slightly move during birth and then fuse together creating a suture.

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5
Q

What distinguishes the appearance of each muscle type?

A
  • The skeletal muscle (also known as striated muscle or voluntary muscle) is striated (striped). So named because dark and light bands in the muscle fibers yield a striped, or striated, appearance. They are attached to the skeleton.
  • Smooth muscle (also known as visceral muscle, nonstriated muscle, and involuntary muscle) is formed by spindle-shaped cells. Under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Visceral muscle is so named because it is found in the visceral (internal) organs, except the heart. They aid digestion and move blood.
    It is also found in hollow structures such as the digestive and urinary tracts.
  • Cardiac muscle is striated in appearance but resembles smooth muscle in its action.
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6
Q

What are four disorders of the muscular system?

A

Contusions, strain, muscular dystrophy [ˈdɪstrəfɪ], and sprain.

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7
Q

What are the upper and lower chambers of the heart?

A

Each side is subdivided into an upper and lower chamber, for a total of four chambers. The upper chambers, the atria (right atrium and left atrium), receive blood. The lower chambers, the ventricles (right ventricle and left ventricle), pump blood.
Note: The right-side pumps blood to the lungs, and the left side sends blood to the rest of the body.
The coronary vessels supply blood to the heart muscle.

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8
Q

What are the names and functions of the three main types of blood vessels?

A
  • The arteries are the large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body.
  • The veins from a low-pressure collecting system that returns waste-filled blood to the heart. Veins have thinner walls compared to arteries, and they are less elastic. Veins have valves that allow blood to flow toward the heart but prevent it from flowing away from the heart.
  • The capillaries form a system of microscopic vessels that connect the arterial and venous system. Slower time flowing through the capillaries allows time for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials between tissue fluids and surrounding cells.
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9
Q

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help get rid of the body’s toxins, waste, and unnecessary materials. Lymphoid organs contribute to the immune system to assist with destruction of harmful microorganisms.

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10
Q

What structure make up the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph Vessels, Lymph Fluid, Lymph Nodes, and Lymphoid tissues.

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11
Q

What two systems make up the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and Peripheral nervous system (consists of nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord).

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12
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) divides to:

A
  • the autonomic nervous system that controls unconscious activities, such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, and pupil size.
  • somatic nervous system that controls conscious activities of our skeletal muscle movement.
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13
Q

What are two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic Nervous System (“fight-or-flight” system), it prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations. It increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and redirects blood flow to muscles, among other responses.
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System (“rest-and-digest” system), it promotes relaxation and recovery. It slows the heart rate, stimulates digestion, and helps conserve energy.
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14
Q

What are the five actions of the digestive system?

A
  • Ingestion. Food is taken into the mouth.
  • Digestion. The digestive process begins in the mouth with mastication (chewing), which consists of mixing the food with saliva and swallowing it. After the food is swallowed, the churning action of the stomach mixes it with gastric juice.
  • Movement. After swallowing, peristalsis occurs; this consists of rhythmic [ˈrɪðmɪk], wavelike contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
  • Absorption. Nutritional elements in the gastrointestinal tract pass through its lining and into the bloodstream. Absorption of nutrients occurs mostly in the small intestines.
  • Elimination. In the large intestine, water is absorbed, and solid by-products of digestion are eliminated from the body in feces [ˈfiːsiːz].
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15
Q

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system is a network of glands in the body that creates hormones throughout the body that control many body functions such as reproduction, sexual development, growth, respiration, metabolism, sensory perception, and movement.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

A

The urinary system is also known as the excretory system. Its principal function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste-by-product. Waste products leave the body in the form of urine, and needed substances are returned to the blood.

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17
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

The integumentary system, or skin system, is the largest organ of the body and the body’s first line of defense against the external environment. The important functions of this system include:
- Regulates body temperature.
- Provides a barrier that prevents bacteria from entering the body.
- Excretes liquids and salts.
- Provides sensitivity to touch.
- Uses ultraviolet rays from the sun to convert chemicals into the vitamin D necessary for absorption of calcium.

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18
Q

What are the appendages of the skin?

A

Hair, nails, and glands

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19
Q

How many bones in the human body?

A

206

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20
Q

The major functions of the skeletal system:

A
  • Protection
  • Support
  • Shape
  • hematopoiesis (manufacture of blood cells)
  • storage of certain minerals.
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21
Q

Axial Skeleton (skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum) function is

A

to protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

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22
Q

Appendicular Skeleton (the upper extremities and shoulder girdle plus the lower extremities and pelvic girdle) function is

A

to protect the organs of digestion and reproduction

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23
Q

Disorders of the skeletal system. Inflammation of a joint. Symptoms: Swelling and pain, usually with structural changes; mobility impairment and difficulty in performing daily tasks.

A

Arthritis

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24
Q

Disorders of the skeletal system. Broken bones caused by stress on the bone. Symptoms: Severe pain, swelling, and disfigurement, depending on the type of this.

A

Fracture

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25
Q

Disorders of the skeletal system. Inflammatory joint reaction caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals. Symptoms: The joint usually becomes red, warm, shiny, swollen, and very sensitive to the touch.

A

Gout

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26
Q

Disorders of the skeletal system. Infection of the bone that is caused by bacteria, fungi, or contaminated foreign material such as an artificial joint. Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever, limited movement, and severe pain in the body part involved.

A

Osteomyelitis [ɒstɪəʊmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs]

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27
Q

Disorders of the skeletal system. Age-related disease in which bone is demineralized, resulting in loss of bone density and fracture. Symptoms: Frequent fractures, especially of the vertebrae, wrist, or hip; back pain and decreased height.

A

Osteoporosis

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28
Q

Disorders of the skeletal system. Injury to a joint. The joint is usually stretched beyond its normal range of movement. Pain, swelling, bruising, abnormal movement, and joint weakness (depending on severity)

A

Sprain

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29
Q

The bone consists of which components

A

organic component (the cells and matrix) and an inorganic (mineral) component.
The minerals, mainly calcium and phosphate, give rigidity to bone.
These minerals stored in bone also act as a mineral reservoir to maintain essential blood mineral concentrations in times of inadequate supply in the body.

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30
Q

Characteristic of the Periosteum

A

A specialized connective tissue covering all bones of the body.
It is responsible for the life of the bone and is capable of repair.
The outer layer is a network of dense connective tissue containing blood vessels.
The inner layer is loose connective tissue containing osteoblasts.
During dental surgery, care is taken not to traumatize the periosteum of the jaws.

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31
Q

Characteristic of the Compact bone

A

Hard, dense, and very strong.
It forms the outer layer of bone, where it is needed for strength.

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32
Q

Characteristic of the Cancellous bone

A

Lighter in weight, but not as strong as compact bone.
It is found in the interior of bones.

33
Q

Bony spicules in cancellous bone that form a mesh of intercommunicating spaces filled with bone marrow.

A

Trabeculae

34
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts are the cells that form the bone.

35
Q

What are spicules?

A

In dentistry, bone spicules refer to small, sharp fragments of bone that can appear in the mouth, typically after dental procedures such as tooth extractions or dental implant surgeries.

36
Q

Two types of Bone Marrow:

A

Red marrow and yellow marrow

37
Q

Characteristic of the Red marrow

A
  • Filled with blood vessels.
  • Makes red and white blood cells and platelets.

People are born with only red bone marrow. As a person matures, the red marrow in many of the bones is replaced by yellow marrow. By adulthood, only about half of the bone marrow is red. Red bone marrow is found mostly in the ribs, breastbone, shoulder blades, collarbones, hip bones, skull, and spine.

This means that the elderly are more prone to infections and cancers because the amount of red bone marrow is decreasing and therefore fewer lymphocytes are being produced.

38
Q

Characteristic of the yellow marrow

A
  • Contains mainly fat cells.
  • Found primarily in the shafts of long bones.
39
Q

Three basic types of joints (Areas where two bones come together):

A
  • Fibrous: Do not move; for example, the sutures of the skull.
  • Cartilaginous: Made of connective tissue and cartilage; for example, the joints between the bones of the vertebrae.
  • Synovial: Movable joints, account for most of the joints in the body.
40
Q

Types of the Synovial Joint:

A
  • Hinge: elbow and knee
  • Ball and socket: hips and shoulders
  • Gliding: wrists
  • Pivot: base of skull
  • Saddle: thumb
  • Gomphosis : attachment of teeth to sockets.
41
Q

Joints that allow for movements such as flexion, extension, and limited rotation.

A

Ball-and-socket joints

42
Q

Joints that allow movement in only one direction, similar to the hinge on a door.

A

Hinge joints

43
Q

Joints that allow the bones to slide.

A

Gliding joints

44
Q

Joints that at the base of the skull allows the head to rotate.

A

Pivot joint

45
Q

Joints that allows movements such as touching the thumb to the fingers.

A

Saddle joint

46
Q

Specialized joints that allow only very slight movement, such as attaching a tooth to the socket.

A

Gomphosis

47
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

Unlike osteoarthritis, which results from wear and tear on the joints, rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed that the body’s immune system attacks the synovium, the tissue that lines the joints.

48
Q

How many muscles?

A

More than 600

49
Q

Each muscle consists of

A

muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and vascular (blood) tissue

50
Q

The major functions of the muscles:

A
  • locomotion (i.e. movement)
  • holding the body erect
  • movement of body fluids
  • production of body heat
  • communication.
51
Q

Disorders of the Muscular System. Soft tissue trauma. Symptoms: Swelling, tenderness, and localized hemorrhage and bruising can restrict range of motion.

A

Contusions

52
Q

Disorders of the Muscular System. Muscle that has been stretched beyond its capacity. Symptoms: Small blood vessels around the area rupture, causing swelling in the area - becomes tender, and painful muscle spasms may occur.

A

Strain

53
Q

Disorders of the Muscular System. Unknown cause with organ weakness (atrophy).

A

Progressive muscular dystrophy.

54
Q

Disorders of the Muscular System. Joint that has been stretched beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in a tear. Symptoms: Pain, swelling, bruising, abnormal motion, and joint weakness.

A

Sprain

55
Q

Why might one need visceral muscle in the digestive tract?

A
  • Visceral (smooth) muscle contractions create wave-like movements called peristalsis, which propel food through the digestive system from the esophagus to the intestines.
  • In the stomach, they help mix and churn food with digestive juices, aiding in the breakdown of food into a semi-liquid form called chyme.
  • Also, by moving food along the digestive tract, visceral (smooth) muscles facilitate the absorption of nutrients in the intestines.
56
Q

fibrous sac that lines the synovial joint

A

Bursa:
- filled with synovial fluid.
- Acts as a cushion to ease movement.

57
Q

The human heart beats _____ times over a lifetime and pumps _______ tons of blood.
Each day the heart pumps _____gallons of blood at a speed of ____ mph through ________miles of vessels

A

4 billion/600,000
4000/40/70,000

58
Q

The tightening of a muscle, during which it becomes shorter and thicker is

A

Contraction

59
Q

It occurs when a muscle returns to its original form or shape.

A

Relaxation.

The muscles of the body are arranged in opposing pairs so that when one contracts, the other relaxes.
It is these contrasting actions that make motion possible.

60
Q

Muscle origin is

A

The place where the muscle begins.

This is the more fixed attachment or the portion of the muscle that is toward the midline of the body, or both.

61
Q

Muscle insertion is

A

The place where the muscle ends.

It is the more movable end, or the portion of the muscle that is farther from the midline of the body, or both.

62
Q

When does the heart rest?

A

Diastole. This is the phase when the heart muscle relaxes after contraction. During diastole, the heart chambers fill with blood, preparing for the next contraction.

And vice versa: Systole. This is the phase when the heart contracts to pump blood out to the body and lungs.

63
Q

Cardiovascular System consists of the following:

A
  • Circulatory system
  • Heart
  • Lymphatic system
64
Q

The main functions of the cardiovascular system include:

A
  • respiratory
  • nutritive
  • excretory
65
Q

Disorder of the heart. Heart muscle disease. Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, chest pain, shortness of breath.

A

Cardiomyopathy

66
Q

Disorder of the heart. Buildup of cholesterol plaque in the coronary arteries.
Symptoms: Pain radiating to neck, jaw, arm, or back

A

Coronary artery disease

67
Q

Disorder of the heart. Inflammation of the endocardial layer of the heart.
Symptoms: High fever, heart murmur

A

Endocarditis

68
Q

Disorder of the heart. Congenital, heart cannot pump adequate supply of blood.
Symptoms: Dizziness, confusion, death

A

Heart failure

69
Q

Disorder of the heart. Inflammation of the pericardial layer of the heart.
Symptoms: Enlarged spleen, weight loss, blood clots

A

Pericarditis

70
Q

The two primary functions of the circulatory system are:

A
  1. Transporting:
    - oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
    - carbon dioxide and waste products from the cells.
    - hormones and antibodies throughout the body.
  2. Regulating body temperature and chemical stability.
71
Q

The heart is enclosed in a double-walled membranous sac known as

A

the pericardium.
Pericardial fluid between the layers prevents friction when the heart beats.

72
Q

This heart valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

The tricuspid valve

73
Q

This heart valve has two cusps and lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

A

The mitral valve

74
Q

This heart valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

75
Q

This heart valve allows blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

A

Aortic semilunar valve

76
Q

Blood Flow Through the Heart. Process

A
  1. The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cava.
  2. Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle.
  3. The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary arteries (left and right), which carries it to the lungs.
  4. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins (left and right).
  5. Blood flows from here into the left ventricle
  6. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium. Blood then goes to the aorta and is pumped to all parts of the body, except the lungs
77
Q

Blood separates into solids called formed elements:

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Plasma
78
Q

Characteristics of plasma:

A

Plasma is a straw-colored fluid that transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
Plasma is 91% water
9% of plasma consists mainly of plasma proteins, including albumin and globulin.

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