Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 7. Test 2 Flashcards
The Skeletal System, The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Brain
What are the three layers of bone?
- Periosteum.
- compact (cortical) bone
- cancellous (trabecular) bone and marrow
The periosteum is anchored to bone by what?
The periosteum is anchored to bone by Sharpey’s fibers, which penetrate the underlying bone matrix.
Where is cartilage found?
Cartilage is a strong flexible tissue that covers the ends of your bones at the joint (allowing the bones to glide over each other). In addition, it gives shape and support to your nose, ears, and trachea. Nonvascular connective tissue.
Which type of joint does not move?
Fibrous joints do not move. For example, the dome of the scull, which is made of bony plates that slightly move during birth and then fuse together creating a suture.
What distinguishes the appearance of each muscle type?
- The skeletal muscle (also known as striated muscle or voluntary muscle) is striated (striped). So named because dark and light bands in the muscle fibers yield a striped, or striated, appearance. They are attached to the skeleton.
- Smooth muscle (also known as visceral muscle, nonstriated muscle, and involuntary muscle) is formed by spindle-shaped cells. Under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Visceral muscle is so named because it is found in the visceral (internal) organs, except the heart. They aid digestion, move blood (blood vessels), and secretory ducts leading from the glands.
It is also found in hollow structures such as the digestive and urinary tracts. - Cardiac muscle is striated in appearance but resembles smooth muscle in its action.
What are four disorders of the muscular system?
Contusions, strain, muscular dystrophy [ˈdɪstrəfɪ], and sprain.
What are the upper and lower chambers of the heart?
Each side is subdivided into an upper and lower chamber, for a total of four chambers. The upper chambers, the atria (right atrium and left atrium), receive blood. The lower chambers, the ventricles (right ventricle and left ventricle), pump blood.
Note: The right-side pumps blood to the lungs, and the left side sends blood to the rest of the body.
The coronary vessels supply blood to the heart muscle.
What are the names and functions of the three main types of blood vessels?
- The arteries are the large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body.
- The veins from a low-pressure collecting system that returns waste-filled blood to the heart. Veins have thinner walls compared to arteries, and they are less elastic. Veins have valves that allow blood to flow toward the heart but prevent it from flowing away from the heart.
- The capillaries form a system of microscopic vessels that connect the arterial and venous system. Slower time flowing through the capillaries allows time for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials between tissue fluids and surrounding cells.
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help get rid of the body’s toxins, waste, and unnecessary materials. Lymphoid organs contribute to the immune system to assist with destruction of harmful microorganisms.
Drainage vessels absorb excess protein from tissues and return it to the bloodstream.
What structure make up the lymphatic system?
Lymph Vessels, Lymph Fluid, Lymph Nodes, Lymphoid tissues, and Lymphoid organs.
What two systems make up the nervous system?
Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and Peripheral nervous system (consists of nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord).
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) divides to:
- the autonomic nervous system that controls unconscious activities, such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, and pupil size.
- somatic nervous system that controls conscious activities of our skeletal muscle movement.
What are two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
- Sympathetic Nervous System (“fight-or-flight” system), it prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations. It increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and redirects blood flow to muscles, among other responses.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System (“rest-and-digest” system), it promotes relaxation and recovery. It slows the heart rate, stimulates digestion, and helps conserve energy.
What are the five actions of the digestive system?
- Ingestion. Food is taken into the mouth.
- Digestion. The digestive process begins in the mouth with mastication (chewing), which consists of mixing the food with saliva and swallowing it. After the food is swallowed, the churning action of the stomach mixes it with gastric juice.
- Movement. After swallowing, peristalsis occurs; this consists of rhythmic [ˈrɪðmɪk], wavelike contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
- Absorption. Nutritional elements in the gastrointestinal tract pass through its lining and into the bloodstream. Absorption of nutrients occurs mostly in the small intestines.
- Elimination. In the large intestine, water is absorbed, and solid by-products of digestion are eliminated from the body in feces [ˈfiːsiːz].
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system is a network of DUCTLESS glands and
tissues in the body that creates hormones throughout the body that control many body functions such as reproduction, sexual development, growth, respiration, metabolism, sensory perception, and movement.
The hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, not through a duct!!!
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
The urinary system is also known as the excretory system. Its principal function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste-by-product. Waste products leave the body in the form of urine, and needed substances are returned to the blood.
What are the functions of the skin?
The integumentary system, or skin system, is the largest organ of the body and the body’s first line of defense against the external environment. The important functions of this system include:
- Regulates body temperature.
- Provides a barrier that prevents bacteria from entering the body.
- Excretes liquids and salts.
- Provides sensitivity to touch.
- Uses ultraviolet rays from the sun to convert chemicals into the vitamin D necessary for absorption of calcium.
What are the appendages of the skin?
Hair, nails, and glands
How many bones in the human body?
206
The major functions of the skeletal system:
- Protection
- Support
- Shape
- hematopoiesis (manufacture of blood cells)
- storage of certain minerals.
Axial Skeleton (skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum) function is
to protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
Appendicular Skeleton (the upper extremities and shoulder girdle plus the lower extremities and pelvic girdle) function is
to protect the organs of digestion and reproduction
Disorders of the skeletal system. Inflammation of a joint. Symptoms: Swelling and pain, usually with structural changes; mobility impairment and difficulty in performing daily tasks.
Arthritis
Disorders of the skeletal system. Broken bones caused by stress on the bone. Symptoms: Severe pain, swelling, and disfigurement, depending on the type of this.
Fracture
Disorders of the skeletal system. Inflammatory joint reaction caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals. Symptoms: The joint usually becomes red, warm, shiny, swollen, and very sensitive to the touch.
Gout
Disorders of the skeletal system. Infection of the bone that is caused by bacteria, fungi, or contaminated foreign material such as an artificial joint. Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever, limited movement, and severe pain in the body part involved.
Osteomyelitis [ɒstɪəʊmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs]
Disorders of the skeletal system. Age-related disease in which bone is demineralized, resulting in loss of bone density and fracture. Symptoms: Frequent fractures, especially of the vertebrae, wrist, or hip; back pain and decreased height.
Osteoporosis
Disorders of the skeletal system. Injury to a joint. The joint is usually stretched beyond its normal range of movement. Pain, swelling, bruising, abnormal movement, and joint weakness (depending on severity)
Sprain
The bone consists of which components
organic component (the cells and matrix) and an inorganic (mineral) component.
The minerals, mainly calcium and phosphate, give rigidity to bone.
These minerals stored in bone also act as a mineral reservoir to maintain essential blood mineral concentrations in times of inadequate supply in the body.
Characteristic of the Periosteum
A specialized connective tissue covering all bones of the body.
It is responsible for the life of the bone and is capable of repair.
The outer layer is a network of dense connective tissue containing blood vessels.
The inner layer is loose connective tissue containing osteoblasts.
During dental surgery, care is taken not to traumatize the periosteum of the jaws.
Characteristic of the Compact bone
Also, known as cortical bone. Hard, dense, and very strong.
It forms the outer layer of bone, where it is needed for strength.
Characteristic of the Cancellous bone
Also, known as trabecular bone. Lighter in weight, but not as strong as compact bone.
It is found in the interior of bones.
Bony spicules in cancellous bone that form a mesh of intercommunicating spaces filled with bone marrow.
Trabeculae
What are osteoblasts?
Osteoblasts are the cells that form the bone.
What are spicules?
In dentistry, bone spicules refer to small, sharp fragments of bone that can appear in the mouth, typically after dental procedures such as tooth extractions or dental implant surgeries.
Two types of Bone Marrow:
Red marrow and yellow marrow
Characteristic of the Red marrow
- Filled with blood vessels.
- Makes red and white blood cells and platelets.
People are born with only red bone marrow. As a person matures, the red marrow in many of the bones is replaced by yellow marrow. By adulthood, only about half of the bone marrow is red. Red bone marrow is found mostly in the ribs, breastbone, shoulder blades, collarbones, hip bones, skull, and spine.
This means that the elderly are more prone to infections and cancers because the amount of red bone marrow is decreasing and therefore fewer lymphocytes are being produced.
Characteristic of the yellow marrow
- Contains mainly fat cells.
- Found primarily in the shafts of long bones.
Three basic types of joints (Areas where two bones come together):
- Fibrous: Do not move; for example, the sutures of the skull.
- Cartilaginous: Made of connective tissue and cartilage; for example, the joints between the bones of the vertebrae.
- Synovial: Movable joints, account for most of the joints in the body.
Types of the Synovial Joint:
- Hinge: elbow and knee
- Ball and socket: hips and shoulders
- Gliding: wrists
- Pivot: base of skull
- Saddle: thumb
- Gomphosis : attachment of teeth to sockets.
Joints that allow for movements such as flexion, extension, and limited rotation.
Ball-and-socket joints
Joints that allow movement in only one direction, similar to the hinge on a door.
Hinge joints
Joints that allow the bones to slide.
Gliding joints
Joints that at the base of the skull allows the head to rotate.
Pivot joint
Joints that allows movements such as touching the thumb to the fingers.
Saddle joint
Specialized joints that allow only very slight movement, such as attaching a tooth to the socket.
Gomphosis
rheumatoid arthritis
Unlike osteoarthritis, which results from wear and tear on the joints, rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed that the body’s immune system attacks the synovium, the tissue that lines the joints.
How many muscles?
More than 600
Each muscle consists of
muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and vascular (blood) tissue
The major functions of the muscles:
- locomotion (i.e. movement)
- holding the body erect
- movement of body fluids
- production of body heat
- communication.
Disorders of the Muscular System. Soft tissue trauma. Symptoms: Swelling, tenderness, and localized hemorrhage and bruising can restrict range of motion.
Contusions
Disorders of the Muscular System. Muscle that has been stretched beyond its capacity. Symptoms: Small blood vessels around the area rupture, causing swelling in the area - becomes tender, and painful muscle spasms may occur.
Strain
Disorders of the Muscular System. Unknown cause with organ weakness (atrophy).
Progressive muscular dystrophy.
Disorders of the Muscular System. Joint that has been stretched beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in a tear. Symptoms: Pain, swelling, bruising, abnormal motion, and joint weakness.
Sprain
Why might one need visceral muscle in the digestive tract?
- Visceral (smooth) muscle contractions create wave-like movements called peristalsis, which propel food through the digestive system from the esophagus to the intestines.
- In the stomach, they help mix and churn food with digestive juices, aiding in the breakdown of food into a semi-liquid form called chyme.
- Also, by moving food along the digestive tract, visceral (smooth) muscles facilitate the absorption of nutrients in the intestines.
fibrous sac that lines the synovial joint
Bursa:
- filled with synovial fluid.
- Acts as a cushion to ease movement.
The human heart beats _____ times over a lifetime and pumps _______ tons of blood.
Each day the heart pumps _____gallons of blood at a speed of ____ mph through ________miles of vessels
4 billion/600,000
4000/40/70,000
The tightening of a muscle, during which it becomes shorter and thicker is
Contraction
It occurs when a muscle returns to its original form or shape.
Relaxation.
The muscles of the body are arranged in opposing pairs so that when one contracts, the other relaxes.
It is these contrasting actions that make motion possible.
Muscle origin is
The place where the muscle begins.
This is the more fixed attachment or the portion of the muscle that is toward the midline of the body, or both.
Muscle insertion is
The place where the muscle ends.
It is the more movable end, or the portion of the muscle that is farther from the midline of the body, or both.
When does the heart rest?
Diastole. This is the phase when the heart muscle relaxes after contraction. During diastole, the heart chambers fill with blood, preparing for the next contraction.
And vice versa: Systole. This is the phase when the heart contracts to pump blood out to the body and lungs.
Cardiovascular System consists of the following:
- Circulatory system
- Heart
- Lymphatic system
The main functions of the cardiovascular system include:
- respiratory
- nutritive
- excretory
Disorder of the heart. Heart muscle disease. Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, chest pain, shortness of breath.
Cardiomyopathy
Disorder of the heart. Buildup of cholesterol plaque in the coronary arteries.
Symptoms: Pain radiating to neck, jaw, arm, or back
Coronary artery disease
Disorder of the heart. Inflammation of the endocardial layer of the heart.
Symptoms: High fever, heart murmur
Endocarditis
Disorder of the heart. Congenital, heart cannot pump adequate supply of blood.
Symptoms: Dizziness, confusion, death
Heart failure
Disorder of the heart. Inflammation of the pericardial layer of the heart.
Symptoms: Enlarged spleen, weight loss, blood clots
Pericarditis
The two primary functions of the circulatory system are:
- Transporting:
- oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
- carbon dioxide and waste products from the cells.
- hormones and antibodies throughout the body. - Regulating body temperature and chemical stability.
The heart is enclosed in a double-walled membranous sac known as
the pericardium.
Pericardial fluid between the layers prevents friction when the heart beats.
This heart valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle
The tricuspid valve
This heart valve has two cusps and lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
The mitral valve
This heart valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
This heart valve allows blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta
Aortic semilunar valve
Blood Flow Through the Heart. Process
- The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cava.
- Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle.
- The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary arteries (left and right), which carries it to the lungs.
- The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins (left and right).
- Blood flows from here into the left ventricle
- The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium. Blood then goes to the aorta and is pumped to all parts of the body, except the lungs
Blood separates into solids called formed elements:
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Plasma
Characteristics of plasma:
Plasma is a straw-colored fluid that transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
Plasma is 91% water
9% of plasma consists mainly of plasma proteins, including albumin and globulin.
Characteristics of Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Contain the blood protein, hemoglobin, which plays an essential role in oxygen transport.
Produced by red bone marrow.
When no longer useful, are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
Characteristics of White blood cells (leukocytes) and their groups
Have the primary function of fighting disease in the body.
5 groups:
- Basophils play a role responding to an allergic reaction.
- Eosinophils respond to infection that parasites cause.
- Lymphocytes are important in the immune process for protecting the body.
- Monocytes act as macrophages and dispose of dead and dying cells and other debris, also are present to fight off chronic infections.
- Neutrophils fight disease by engulfing germs (bacteria and fungi).
Characteristics of Platelets (thrombocytes)
Made in the bone marrow.
life span of 5-9 days.
Blood clot formation.
One drop of blood contains
5 million red blood cells, 7500 white blood cells, and 300,000 platelets
Blood Typing and Rh Factor
The Rh factor is an additional antigen that is present on the surfaces of red blood cells in some individuals.
A person whose blood contains the factor is Rh positive.
A person whose blood does not contain the factor is Rh negative.
If an Rh-negative mother gives birth to an Rh-positive baby, immediately after delivery of Rh-positive babies, Rh-negative mothers are given an injection of anti-Rh gamma globulin to prevent the development of anti-Rh antibodies.
Disorder of the lymphatic system. Inflammation of peripheral lymphatic vessels.
Symptoms: Red streaks that extend up the arm or leg, with enlarged, tender lymph nodes
Lymphangitis
Disorder of the lymphatic system. Swelling or enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. Symptoms: Painful swelling of lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
Disorder of the lymphatic system. Swelling of soft tissues caused by increased lymph.
Symptoms: Painful swelling of limbs
Lymphedema:
Characteristics of Lymph Vessels
Lymph capillaries are thin-walled tubes that carry lymph from the tissue spaces to the larger lymphatic vessels.
Similar to veins, lymphatic vessels have valves that prevent the backflow of fluid.
Lymph fluid always flows toward the thoracic cavity, where it empties into veins in the upper thoracic region.
Specialized lymph vessels, called ________ are located in the small intestine.
Lacteals.
Lacteals aid in the absorption of fats from the small intestine into the bloodstream.
Characteristics of Lymph Fluid
Lymph (clear, light-yellow fluid), also known as tissue fluid.
Fluid leaves circulatory capillaries to bathe tissues and cells to keep them moist.
This same clear, light-yellow fluid, called lymph, is reabsorbed by the lymphatic system and is returned to the blood through veins.
Lymph flows in space between cells and tissues so that it can carry substances from these tissues back into the bloodstream.
This one-way flowing system moves fluid toward the heart.
Characteristics of Lymph Nodes
Small, round or oval structures that are located in the lymph vessels.
They fight disease by producing antibodies; this is part of the immune reaction.
Major lymph node sites of the body include:
- Cervical (in the neck)
- Axillary (under the arms)
- Inguinal (in the lower abdomen)
- Lymph fluid
The bean-shaped lymph nodes are connected by vessels.Lymph nodes are usually present in clusters in the armpits, on either side of the neck, and in the groin.
The lymph nodes contain lymphocytes (white blood cells), which help destroy foreign bacteria and other harmful cells.The lymph nodes may become enlarged or swollen when they fight an infection because they must produce additional white blood cells.
The lymph nodes may feel tender or inflamed as they are actively fighting a foreign body.
Masses of lymphatic tissue that are located in the upper portions of the nose and throat, where they form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue
Tonsils
Tonsils that are found in the nasopharynx
Nasopharyngeal tonsils, also known as adenoids
Tonsils are located in the oropharynx between the anterior and posterior pillars of fauces.
Palatine tonsils
Tonsils are located on the back of the tongue
Lingual tonsils
Characteristics of Spleen
The spleen is the largest of the lymphoid tissues.
Produces lymphocytes and monocytes, which are important components of the immune system.
It also filters microorganisms and other debris not destroyed by the lymphatic system.
It also stores red blood cells, removes worn out red blood cells, and maintains balance between plasma and cells in the blood.
Hematopoiesis. During fetal development, the spleen is involved in the production of blood cells. In adults, this function is primarily taken over by the bone marrow, but the spleen can resume this role if necessary.
Why do we have tonsils?
Immune Response. Tonsils help detect and fight infections. They contain lymphocytes, which are white blood cells that play a key role in the immune response by identifying and attacking pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
Barrier Protection. Located at the back of the throat, tonsils act as a first line of defense against inhaled or ingested pathogens, trapping and neutralizing them before they can cause more serious infections.
Antibody Production. Tonsils produce antibodies that help the body recognize and remember pathogens, providing long-term immunity.
Disorder of the nervous system. Vasodilation and increased blood flow to the head. Symptoms: Throbbing sensation, severe head pain, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision.
Migraine headache
Disorder of the nervous system. Interruption in blood flow to the brain; can be caused by a hemorrhage or a blood clot and is commonly called a stroke. Symptoms: Numbness, altered mental status, vertigo, loss of muscle coordination, and others.
Cerebrovascular accident
Disorder of the nervous system. Seizures.
Symptoms:
Grand mal:rigid and jerking motions.
Petit mal:stare, amnesia for event.
Epilepsy
Disorder of the nervous system. A progressive neurologic condition with demyelination and scarring of sites along the central nervous system. Symptoms: Visual problems and sensory, motor, and emotional problems can occur.
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Disorder of the nervous system. Neurologic condition of the trigeminal facial nerve. Symptoms: Pain that is described as stabbing, searing and excruciating that increases overtime
could occur around the eyes and over the forehead; in the upper lip, nose, and cheek; or in the tongue and lower lip.
Trigeminal neuralgia
Disorder of the nervous system. A slowly progressive, degenerative neurologic disorder. Symptoms: tremors of hands, rigidity of movement, shuffling gait, masklike face, and stooped appearance.
Parkinson’s disease
Disorder of the nervous system. Chronic, progressive degenerative disease with no cure. Symptoms:
Loss of recent memory for events, persons, and places. Over time, confusion and disorientation increase, leading to physical deterioration and death.
Alzheimer’s disease
Disorder of the nervous system. Paralysis of the facial (seventh cranial) nerve that causes distortion on the affected side of the face. Symptoms: The person may not be able to open an eye or close the mouth. The condition may be unilateral or bilateral.
Bell’s palsy
Three types of neurons:
- Sensory neurons: emerge from the skin or sense organs and carry impulses toward the brain and spinal cord.
- Motor neurons: carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands.
- Associative neurons: carry impulses from one neuron to another.
the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ is …
A synapse
A chemical substance that allows the impulse to jump across the synapse from one neuron to another is …
neurotransmitter
Nerves covered with myelin are referred to as …
white matter
Nerves that do not have the protective myelin sheath make up …
the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord
Brain tumors may be
benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous)
The respiratory system consists of the:
- The airway:
- Nose
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Epiglottis
- Larynx
- Trachea - Lungs with , bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
- Muscles of respiration. That includes muscle of the lungs and diaphragm.
Disorder of the respiratory system. Inflammation of the tonsils; adenoids also may be involved. Symptoms:
Severely dry, scratchy, and sore throat; may include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and general body aching.
Tonsillitis
Disorder of the respiratory system. Acute inflammation of a sinus. Symptoms: Fever, chills, nasal obstruction, pain, and tenderness over the affected sinus
Sinusitis
Disorder of the respiratory system. Acute inflammation of the lungs. Symptoms: Fever, chills, productive cough, and general malaise.
Pneumonia
Disorder of the respiratory system. Inflammation of the throat. Symptoms: Sore red throat, chills, high temperature, headache, and difficulty in swallowing
Pharyngitis (sore throat)
What system controls speaking?
Central nervous system
What system controls breathing?
Autonomic nervous system.
Also known as the voice box, contains the vocal bands, which make speech possible.
The larynx
Incoming air in nose is filtered by
the cilia, which are thin hairs that are attached to the mucous membrane just inside the nostrils.
the pharynx, which is commonly known as
the throat
Three divisions of the pharynx:
- The nasopharynx is located behind the nose and above the soft palate.
- The oropharynx extends from the soft palate above to the level of the epiglottis below.
- The laryngopharynx extends from the level of the epiglottis above to the larynx below.
What is the name for the narrow tube that leads from the middle ear into the nasopharynx?
the Eustachian tube
acts as a lid and covers the larynx so that food does not enter the lungs
Epiglottis
The major structures of the digestive system are the:
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What is diabetes (diabetes mellitus)?
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar).
-Type 1 diabetes: thought to be an autoimmune reaction where the body does not make insulin.
- Type 2 diabetes: the body does not use insulin well and can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels.
Kinds of Endocrine Glands:
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Ovaries
- Testes
- Pituitary gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal medulla
- The major endocrine glands are scattered throughout the body but are considered to function as one system.
Organ of the Urinary System. They transport the urine from the kidney
The ureters
Organ of the Urinary System. It is the conduit [ˈkɒndɪt] through which the bladder is emptied during the process of urination
urethra
the tiny structures inside your kidneys that filter blood
nephrons
The skin is composed of different layers, including the following:
- Epidermis: The outer layer of the skin; has no blood supply of its own.
- Dermis: It is a thick connective tissue layer that gives the bulk to the skin. Contains many free nerve endings and receptors, which allow for detection of touch, temperature, and pain.
- Subcutaneous fat: A layer of loose connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying organs; insulates the body against heat loss and cushions underlying organs.
The three types of glands in the skin:
- sebaceous glands are found in all areas of the body except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. They are oil glands that keep the hair and skin soft. They are also associated with sex hormones and become active during puberty.
- sudoriferous glands. They are distributed all over the body and provide heat regulation by secreting sweat. Sweat is also produced in response to stress.
- Apocrine sweat glands, the largest glands, are found under the arms, around the nipples, and in the genital region. Bacterial action causes secretions to break down, producing body odor.
The male reproductive system consists of…
testes, excretory ducts, and accessory glands (prostate and seminal vesicles). The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm.
“Master control gland”
Pituitary. It controls other glands and produces the hormones that trigger growth.
This gland of the endocrine system produces insulin that helps control blood sugar
Pancreas
This gland the endocrine system is responsible for temperature, hunger, moods, sleep, sex drive
hypothalamus
This gland of the endocrine system controls the amount of calcium in the body.
Parathyroid
This gland of the endocrine system produces hormones associated with calorie burning and heart rate.
thyroid
This gland of the endocrine system produces melatonin which affects our sleep.
Pineal
The ability of neurons to respond to a stimulus is known as..
excitability
The ability of neurons to transmit of an impulse is known as…
conductivity
The largest part of the brain is the …
cerebrum, which is divided into the right and left cerebral hemispheres. The left side controls the right side of the body, and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body.
Disorder of the digestive system. Erosion of the gastric mucosa that exposes it to gastric juice and pepsin
Peptic ulcer
Disorder of the digestive system. Chronic inflammatory process of bowel that results in poor absorption of nutrients.
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease
Disorder of the digestive system. Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity; a life-treatening condition.
Peritonitis
Disorder of the Endocrine System. Decreased level of the activity of the thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism
Disorder of the Endocrine System. Excessive level of activity of the thyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism
Disorders of the Male reproductive system. Infection or inflammation of one or both testes.
orchitis
Disorder of the Female Reproductive System. Infection related to menstruation and tampon use.
Toxic shock syndrome
Disorder of the Integumentary System. One of the most common skin disease; inflammation of the sebaceous glands causes pimples or blackheads.
Acne
Disorder of the Integumentary System. Nonspecific dermatitis; may be acute or chronic.
Eczema
