Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 6. Test 1 Flashcards
General Anatomy. Basic chemistry review, cells and their function.
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the scientific study of the shape and structure of the human body.
At the same time, Physiology is the scientific study of how the body functions.
Function affects structures and structures affect functions.
What term is used to describe imaginary lines that divide the body into sections?
planes
What is the portion of the cell that carries genetic information?
Nucleus is the “control center” of the cell contains a complete set of the body’s chromosomes, which include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), two chemicals that carry all genetic information.
What are the four types of tissues in the human body?
- Epithelial tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nerve tissue
- Connective tissue
What are the four organizational levels of the human body, from simplest to most complex?
cells – tissues – organs – body systems
List the 11 body systems:
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic and immune
- Nervous
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Integumentary [ɪntegjʊˈmentərɪ]
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
Basic anatomical reference systems:
Planes and body directions
Structural units
Body cavities
Body regions
Body direction. Above another part, or closer to head
Superior (Nose is superior to mouth)
Body direction. Below another part, or closer to feet
Inferior (Heart is inferior to neck)
Body direction. Closer to a point of attachment, or closer to trunk of body
Proximal (Elbow is proximal to wrist)
Body direction. Farther from a point of attachment, or farther from trunk of body
Distal (Fingers are distal to wrist)
Body direction. The side, or away from the midline
Lateral (Ears are lateral to eyes)
Body direction. Toward, or nearer the midline
Medial (Nose is medial to ears)
Body direction. On the back
Dorsal (Spine is on dorsal side of body)
Body direction. On the front
Ventral (Face is on ventral side of body)
Body direction. Toward the front
Anterior (Heart is anterior to spine)
Body direction. Toward the back
Posterior (Ear is posterior to nose)
Plane. Any vertical plane parallel to midline that divides the body from top to bottom and into left and right sections
sagittal plane
Plane. Vertical, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
midsagittal (median) plane
Plan. Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
horizontal (transverse) plane
Plan. Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
frontal (coronal) plane
Plan. Divides the body at an angle.
Oblique plane
Anatomical (or anatomic) position refers to
the body standing erect with face forward, feet together, and arms hanging at the sides with palms forward.
Cells are the basic units of structure of the human body (estimated 75 trillion cells) and has the following unique capabilities:
- Movement
- Response to stimuli
- Nutrition
- Excretion
- Respiration
- Growth
- Reproduction
Different types of cells have different functions; The term for this specialized function of cell is
differentiation
Component of cell. Surround the cell. Protect the cell, act as a filter (controls the substance that flow in and out of the cell - semipermeable mechanism). Helps the cell maintain its form and separates cell contents from the surrounding environment (structural mechanism) .
cell membrane
Component of cell. A watery gel in which the cell structures are suspended.
Cytoplasm [ˈsaɪtəplæzm]. Note: About two thirds of the body’s water is found in the the cytoplasm of cells.
Component of cell. “little organ”, they manufacture, modify, story, and transport protein and disposes of cellular wastes.
organelles
Component of cell. Bags of digestive enzymes (juices) that break down nutrients and destroy toxic materials.
Lysosomes [ˈlaɪsəsəʊm]
Component of cell. A network of channels for moving substances such as proteins to their final destination within the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Component of cell. Can be considered the “post office” of the cell. This is where proteins are packaged to be used within the cell or taken outside the cell for use elsewhere.
Golgi complex
Component of cell. The “control center” of the cell.
Nucleus
Component of cell. Referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, by producing energy from the food we eat.
Mitochondria
Component of cell. Interpret the RNA from the nucleus and are resembled for use inside the cell.
Ribosomes
The two types of cell division:
Mitosis and Meiosis
The name of cell division when the “parent” cell splits into two “daughter” cells. Each of the cells have the same chromosomes as each other and from the parent cell.
Mitosis
The name of cell division that creates sex cells, such as the male sperm and female egg cells. This mean each cell has a unique set of genetic information, which is why each us is so unique. So, this is a specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half.
Meiosis
These cells are immature, unspecialized cells in the body. They can be transformed to become other types of cells in the body.
Stem cells (also known as mesenchymal cells)
definition that stem cells can form many kinds of more highly differentiated cells
pluripotent
There are two primary sources of stem cells:
Embryonic stem cells and Adult stem cells
Component of cell. fingerlike projections on the surface of the cell that increase surface area, hence the cell’s ability to absorb.
Microvilli
Component of cell. Fat droplets within cell
Lipid
Characteristic of Embryonic Stem Cells
Come from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in a test tube and then are used for research purposes.
They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman’s body.
Currently there are no approved treatments or human trials using embryonic stem cells in the United States.
The embryo is usually 4 to 5 days old is called
blastocyst [ˈblɑːstɒkɪst]
Characteristic of Adult Stem Cells
Can be found in tissues of both adults and children.
Stem cells from bone marrow have been used in bone marrow transplant procedures for many years.
Adult stem cells are also found in blood, skin, dental pulp, retina, skeletal muscle, and the brain.
Through the use of stem cells, a new field of medicine called regenerative medicine offers hope to those who suffer from Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, and autoimmune, liver, and cardiovascular disease and for those requiring regeneration following brain or spinal cord injury.
The name of tissue that covers external (skin) and internal body surfaces (mouth, intestines, and so on)
Epithelial tissue
The name of tissue that is the major support material of the body. They include fat, tendons, blood, and ligaments. Some kind of them even can destroy bacteria, and develop antibodies.
Connective tissue
The purpose of the epithelial cells are:
- provide protection
- produce secretions
- regulate the passage of materials across them.
The name of tissue that has the ability to lengthen and shorten and thus move the body parts.
Muscle tissue
The types of muscle tissue in terms of human’s control:
- Voluntary (e.g., arms, legs)
- Involuntary (e.g., heart, lungs, stomach)
The name of tissue that is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It stimulate muscle contraction and plays a major role in emotions, memory, reasoning, and controlling many body activities.
Nerve tissue
There are 3 types of muscle tissues in terms of the structure:
- Striated (also known as skeletal and voluntary).
- Smooth (also known as visceral, nonstriated and involuntary)
- Cardiac
Characteristic of muscle tissue - Striated
Referred to as skeletal and voluntary.
These muscles attach to bones, tendons, and other muscles.
They produce voluntary movements
Ex: walking, eating, holding
Characteristic of muscle tissue - smooth
Referred to as visceral, nonstriated, and involuntary.
These muscles produce involuntary movements: digestion, breathing, blinking, heart beating.
Found in internal organs (visceral) and hollow body cavities: Ex: intestines, stomach
Characteristic of muscle tissue - cardiac
These muscle tissues have striations but produce involuntary movement.
Forms the walls of the heart.
Types of connective tissue:
- Adipose
- Supportive
- Dense fibrous
- Vascular
This type of connective tissue:
stores fat.
provides energy source.
Functions:
- Fat cushions
- Supports and insulates body
Adipose
Characteristic of connective tissue - supportive
Osseous tissue (bone):
- Protects and supports other organs.
- spinal column.
- ribs around the heart and lungs.
Cartilage:
- Provides firm, flexible support
Ex: nose
- Shock absorber at the joints
Characteristic of connective tissue - dense fibrous
Ligaments:
- Strong, flexible
- Holds bones together at the joint
Tendons:
- White, glossy bands
- Attach skeletal muscles to bones
Characteristic of connective tissue - vascular
Blood:
- Transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells.
- Carries away waste products
Lymph:
-Transports tissue, fluid, proteins, fat, and other materials from tissues to capillaries
spaces within the body is lined by a membrane that house specific organs are
body cavities
The walls of each cavity is called
parietal
The two main body cavities:
- Dorsal: Back of the body.
- Ventral: Front of the body.
The body is divided into two major regions:
Axial division:
- Head
- Neck
- Trunk
Appendicular region:
- Arms
- Legs
What’s the name of function of cell membrane that allows nutrients to pass through and waste products to leave.
semipermeable function
What’s the name of mechanism of cell membrane that separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding environment.
structural mechanism
