Head Flashcards
What is the bony covering of the brain and the meninges?
Neurocranium
Name the two parts of the cranium
Neurocranium
Viscerocranium
What are the two parts of the Neurocranium?
calvaria & cranial base
Which bones make up the Neurocranium?
formed by 4 singular bones (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital)
& 2 sets of paired bones (temporal & parietal)
What is the viscerocranium known as?
Facial skeleton
What type of bones are found in the facial skeleton? And how many?
Irregular
15
Name the irregular facial bones of the Viscerocranium (3,single/6 paired)
single bones -mandible, ethmoid, vomer
Paired bones -maxilla, inferior nasal concha, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal
Which is the only bone in both neurocranium and viscerocranium?
ethmoid
Name the sutures of the skull and what they separate.
Coronal
Squamosal
Lambdoid
Saggital
What does the supraorbital foramen contain?
Nerve that passes through that supplies part of the orbit and part of the forehead
What is clinically important about the nerve passing through the supraorbital foramen?
If you wanted to numb the area to suture a facial laceration
What foramen does the infraorbital nerve pass through?
Infraorbital foramen
What does the frontal bone form?
Forehead
Name the facial aspects
frontal
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
mandible
What forms the prominence of cheeks?
Zygomatic bone
Why shouldn’t you x-ray a 5 y/o to see if they fractured their nose?
Because it is still primarily cartilage
What holds the teeth?
Mandible holds lower teeth
Maxilla holds maxillary teeth
What are common fracture locations on the face?
Zygomatic arch*
Mandible
Infraorbital
What forms the lateral aspect of the cranium?
Temporal fossa
zygomatic arch
Mastoid process
What does the zygomatic arch consist of?
union of:
- temporal process of zygomatic bone
- zygomatic process of temporal bone
Prior to antibiotics what was a common infection caused by untreated OM?
mastoiditis
what are the lines on the occipital called?
nuchal lines
what’s the importance of ridges and lines in bones? (ex:nuchal lines)
attachment of muscles
which cranial bone contains the foramen magnum?
occipital
what is structures around the foramen that articulate with the first vertebrae?
occipital condyle
which bones form the occipital aspect of the cranium?
occipital
parts of parietal & temporal bones
which bones form the superior aspect of the cranium?
frontal, occipital and parietal bones
�
what is the broaden area of the skull known as?
parietal eminences
Name the nuchal line of the occiput
superior nuchal line
inferior nuchal line
median nuchal line
What are the External Surface of Cranial Base?
occipital palatine processes (hard palate) choanae vomer sphenoid bone petrous part of temporal bone
what is the choanae?
openings of the nose on the External Surface of Cranial Base
Where does the jugular vein pass through the skull? Carotoid artery?
jugular foramen
carotid canal
How many depressions are there within the skull?
3
Name the 3 depressions in the skull
anterior, middle & posterior cranial fossae
which depression in the skull is the highest? lowest?
anterior is highest and posterior is lowest
what composes the Anterior Fossa ?
frontal bone, ethmoid centrally, sphenoid posteriorly
what bone is the cribiform plate part of? and part of what fossa?
ethmoid bone
anterior fossa
list what composes the middle fossa
formed by sphenoid, temporal bones
where is the sella turcica located? why is its significant?
middle fossa
holds the pituitary
what foramen are found in the middle fossa?
foramen rotundum & foramen ovale
what lies in the middle fossa?
temporal lobes
what lies in the posterior fossa contain?
cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
what is found in the posterior fossa?
internal acoustic meatus
clivus
what is the clivus?
space anterior to the foramen magnum
what are the holes on the cribiform plate responsible for? how many are there?
holes for the olfactory nerve
apx 20 on each side
where are foramen spinosum located?
base of the skull in middle fossa
Name the 5 layers of skin & subcutaneous tissue covering neurocranium
SCALP Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Pericranium
Define Cranial Meninges
covering of brain lying immediately under the cranium
what layers make up the Cranial Meninges ?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater;
where is the CSF formed? Where is it stored
Stored -subarachnoid space
formed within the choroid plexuses
Name the parts of the brain (3)
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
what does the brainstem consist of? (3)
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
how many cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?
10 (motor, parasympathetic, and/or sensory function)
what separates the cerebrum into 2 hemispheres?
falx cerebri
which two cranial nerves exit from the cerebrum?
CN I
CN II
where does lower function of the brain occur?
diencephalon
what does the diencephalon consist of? (3)
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
what nerve is associated with the pons?
CN V
what nerve is associated with the midbrain
CN III
CN IV
what is the most caudal part of brainstem and continuous with spinal cord?
Medulla Oblongata
What membrane separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
cerebellar tentorium
if a pt had a stroke in the cerebellum what will the pt present with?
pt would have problem with balance/walking
pt can still move arms and legs, speak fine
Name the ventricles of the brain
2 lateral ventricles
3rd & 4th ventricles (midline)
Which ventricle(s) open into the 3rd ventricle?
Lateral ventricles
What foramen is located btwn the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle?
interventricular foramen of Monro
where does the CSF from the 4th ventricle drain to?
Subarachnoid space
What does the 3rd ventricle combine with before going to the 4th ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
Name the Extraocular Muscles (7)
levator palpebrae superioris
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
what blood vessels are found in the eye?
Central retinal artery
Central retinal vein
What are the 3 smallest bones in the body?*
malleus, incus, stapes
whats the semicircular canals?
3 diff planes
filled with endolymph
for balance
What are the 5 arteries that make the vasculature of the brain?
Internal carotid vertebral arteries subclavian arteries basilar artery posterior cerebral arteries
What does the Internal carotid artery ascend from?
the common carotid artery
What does Internal carotid artery branch into?
Anterior & middle cerebral arteries
Where do the vertebral arteries begin?
The neck
…
what does the vertebral arteries come off of?
from the first part of the subclavian arteries
the vertebral arteries unite to form what?
The Basilar artery
what does the basilar artery divide into?
it becomes 2 posterior cerebral arteries
What is the anastomosis between the 2 carotids and 2 vertebral arteries?
The circle of willis.
What are the valveless veins that drain into the dural venous sinuses?
The cerebral veins
what is the formation created by the union of the 2 internal cerebral veins?
The great cerebral vein of galen
what is the the muscle that surrounds the mouth?
Orbicularis oris
which muscle keeps the cheeks taught and used in smiling?
Buccinator
Which muscles close the eyelids?
Orbicularis oculi
which muscle aid in the flow of tears?
Orbicularis oculi
What nerve does sensory innervation derive from in the face?
trigeminal nerve (cn V)
What nerve does motor innervation derive from in the face?
Facial nerve (cn VII)
what nerve is the motor nerve for muscles of mastication?
Trigeminal nerve (cn v)
what are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerve
This is the largest of the 3 pairs of salivary glands
parotid gland
Where does the parotid gland enter in the mouth?
opposite the 2nd maxillary molar
What geomentrical shape do the orbits of the eye form?
Pyramidal cavities
what is the propose of the pyramidal cavities in the facial skeleton?
they contain and protect the eyeballs
what protects the eye and keeps it moist?
eyelid
what are the eyelids covered with internally by?
Conjunctiva (palpebral & bulbar)
what strenthens the eyelids?
Dense bands of connective tissue,
What do lacrimal glands do?
Secrete tears
what do lacrimal ducts do?
bring fluid to the eye
What brings tears from the eye to the nasal cavity?
nasolacrimal duct
Where are the lacrimal glands located?
superolateral of each orbit
Lacrimal glands are stimulated by what kind of nerves?
sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
How many layers does a eyeball have?
Three
Name the layers of the eye
Fibrous layer, vascular layer, and the inner layer
what are the componates of the fibrous layer? (2)
sclera and cornea
what composes of the vascular layer of the eye? (3)
choroid, ciliary body and iris
what composes the inner layer of the eye?
retina
Which part of the eye are opaque and which is transparent?
sclera and cornea respectively
what is the space called that is between the iris and the lens?
Posterior chamber
what is the space called that is between the iris and the cornea?
Anterior chamber
what section has the pupil in its center?
Iris
which has visual and nonvisual parts?
retina
what is the entrance called where the optic nerve enters the retina?
optic disc
what is the facial joint that is a modified hinge-type joint?
Temperomandibular joint
this involves the head of the mandible and mandiblar fossa
temperomandibular joint
What makes up the oral region? (6)
oral cavity, teeth, gingivae, tongue, palate and palatine tonsils
what makes up the oral cavity?
the roof of the hard and soft palate, communicates posteriorly w/ the oropharynx
what makes up the oral vestibule?
Space between the lips & cheeks, and teeth & gingivae.
what kind of border do the lips have?
philtrum and vermillion border
what make up the teeth?
How many teeth do you have?
hard structures set in dental alveoli.
20 deciduous teeth, 32 permanent teeth
What are the sections that make up a tooth?
what are teeth covered by?
Crown, neck, root.
what assists with mastication, taste, swallowing,
the tongue
what are the sections of the tongue?
root, body, apex, midline groove - separates tongue into 2 halves frenulum of the tongue ventrally
what is the functions of the nose? (5)
Smell, breathing, dust filtrations, humidifications of the air, reception of secretions
what makes up the external nose?
nasal bones & cartilage, nasal spine, and nasal septum
what makes up the nasal cavities?
open posteriorly through choanae into nasopharynx, and conchae divide the cavity into 4 passages
What makes up the parts of the ear? (3)
external, middle and internal ear
what are the parts of the external ear? (3)
Auricle
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membranes
what are the parts of the middle ear?
auditory ossicles, stapedius & tensor tympani muscles.
what makes up the auditory ossicles?
malleus, incus and stapes
what are the parts of the internal ear?
vestibulocochlear organ with labyrinth containing endolymph
whats the little artery connects that connects the two anterior carotid artery?
anterior communicating artery
whats the name of the common aneuysm that occurs in the circle of willis?
burri aneuysm
what has pools of blood that the cerebral veins drain into?
venous sinuses
what prevents food from ballooning out when chewing?
buccinator
what are the 2 nerves of the middle ear?
chorda tympani nerve and tympanic plexus of nerves
what transmits the nerves and vessels to and from teeth?
the root canal
movement of what can cause nausea dizziness and vomiting?
endolymph
what is trigeminal neuralgia?
pain that affects one of the 3 trigeminal nerve
what is bells palsy?
mostly one sided paralysis
commonly caused by lyme disease
affects the facial nerve
Tx of bells palsy?
make weird faces to workout muscles
cant blink - need to lubricate eye
tape eyelid shut at night
most of it resolves or weakness remains on that side
where is the lacrimal punctum located?
at medial end of the eyelids
where is the blind spot of the retina?
where the optic nerve enters the eye
what fluid is found in the anterior chambers of the eye?
aqueous fluid
what must you do before and after you reduce a dislocation?
xray to check if it is fractured or it has been fractured from the reduction
