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Anatomy > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bony covering of the brain and the meninges?

A

Neurocranium

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2
Q

Name the two parts of the cranium

A

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the Neurocranium?

A

calvaria & cranial base

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4
Q

Which bones make up the Neurocranium?

A

formed by 4 singular bones (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital)
& 2 sets of paired bones (temporal & parietal)

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5
Q

What is the viscerocranium known as?

A

Facial skeleton

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6
Q

What type of bones are found in the facial skeleton? And how many?

A

Irregular

15

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7
Q

Name the irregular facial bones of the Viscerocranium (3,single/6 paired)

A

single bones -mandible, ethmoid, vomer

Paired bones -maxilla, inferior nasal concha, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal

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8
Q

Which is the only bone in both neurocranium and viscerocranium?

A

ethmoid

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9
Q

Name the sutures of the skull and what they separate.

A

Coronal
Squamosal
Lambdoid
Saggital

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10
Q

What does the supraorbital foramen contain?

A

Nerve that passes through that supplies part of the orbit and part of the forehead

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11
Q

What is clinically important about the nerve passing through the supraorbital foramen?

A

If you wanted to numb the area to suture a facial laceration

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12
Q

What foramen does the infraorbital nerve pass through?

A

Infraorbital foramen

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13
Q

What does the frontal bone form?

A

Forehead

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14
Q

Name the facial aspects

A

frontal
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
mandible

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15
Q

What forms the prominence of cheeks?

A

Zygomatic bone

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16
Q

Why shouldn’t you x-ray a 5 y/o to see if they fractured their nose?

A

Because it is still primarily cartilage

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17
Q

What holds the teeth?

A

Mandible holds lower teeth

Maxilla holds maxillary teeth

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18
Q

What are common fracture locations on the face?

A

Zygomatic arch*
Mandible
Infraorbital

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19
Q

What forms the lateral aspect of the cranium?

A

Temporal fossa
zygomatic arch
Mastoid process

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20
Q

What does the zygomatic arch consist of?

A

union of:

  • temporal process of zygomatic bone
  • zygomatic process of temporal bone
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21
Q

Prior to antibiotics what was a common infection caused by untreated OM?

A

mastoiditis

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22
Q

what are the lines on the occipital called?

A

nuchal lines

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23
Q

what’s the importance of ridges and lines in bones? (ex:nuchal lines)

A

attachment of muscles

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24
Q

which cranial bone contains the foramen magnum?

A

occipital

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25
Q

what is structures around the foramen that articulate with the first vertebrae?

A

occipital condyle

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26
Q

which bones form the occipital aspect of the cranium?

A

occipital

parts of parietal & temporal bones

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27
Q

which bones form the superior aspect of the cranium?

A

frontal, occipital and parietal bones

�

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28
Q

what is the broaden area of the skull known as?

A

parietal eminences

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29
Q

Name the nuchal line of the occiput

A

superior nuchal line
inferior nuchal line
median nuchal line

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30
Q

What are the External Surface of Cranial Base?

A 
occipital
palatine processes (hard palate)
choanae
vomer
sphenoid bone
petrous part of temporal bone
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31
Q

what is the choanae?

A

openings of the nose on the External Surface of Cranial Base

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32
Q

Where does the jugular vein pass through the skull? Carotoid artery?

A

jugular foramen

carotid canal

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33
Q

How many depressions are there within the skull?

A

3

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34
Q

Name the 3 depressions in the skull

A

anterior, middle & posterior cranial fossae

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35
Q

which depression in the skull is the highest? lowest?

A

anterior is highest and posterior is lowest

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36
Q

what composes the Anterior Fossa ?

A

frontal bone, ethmoid centrally, sphenoid posteriorly

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37
Q

what bone is the cribiform plate part of? and part of what fossa?

A

ethmoid bone

anterior fossa

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38
Q

list what composes the middle fossa

A

formed by sphenoid, temporal bones

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39
Q

where is the sella turcica located? why is its significant?

A

middle fossa

holds the pituitary

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40
Q

what foramen are found in the middle fossa?

A

foramen rotundum & foramen ovale

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41
Q

what lies in the middle fossa?

A

temporal lobes

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42
Q

what lies in the posterior fossa contain?

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

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43
Q

what is found in the posterior fossa?

A

internal acoustic meatus

clivus

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44
Q

what is the clivus?

A

space anterior to the foramen magnum

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45
Q

what are the holes on the cribiform plate responsible for? how many are there?

A

holes for the olfactory nerve

apx 20 on each side

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46
Q

where are foramen spinosum located?

A

base of the skull in middle fossa

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47
Q

Name the 5 layers of skin & subcutaneous tissue covering neurocranium

A 
SCALP
Skin, 
Connective Tissue, 
Aponeurosis, 
Loose Connective Tissue, 
Pericranium
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48
Q

Define Cranial Meninges

A

covering of brain lying immediately under the cranium

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49
Q

what layers make up the Cranial Meninges ?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater;

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50
Q

where is the CSF formed? Where is it stored

A

Stored -subarachnoid space

formed within the choroid plexuses

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51
Q

Name the parts of the brain (3)

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

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52
Q

what does the brainstem consist of? (3)

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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53
Q

how many cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?

A

10 (motor, parasympathetic, and/or sensory function)

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54
Q

what separates the cerebrum into 2 hemispheres?

A

falx cerebri

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55
Q

which two cranial nerves exit from the cerebrum?

A

CN I

CN II

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56
Q

where does lower function of the brain occur?

A

diencephalon

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57
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of? (3)

A

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

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58
Q

what nerve is associated with the pons?

A

CN V

59
Q

what nerve is associated with the midbrain

A

CN III

CN IV

60
Q

what is the most caudal part of brainstem and continuous with spinal cord?

A

Medulla Oblongata

61
Q

What membrane separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

cerebellar tentorium

62
Q

if a pt had a stroke in the cerebellum what will the pt present with?

A

pt would have problem with balance/walking

pt can still move arms and legs, speak fine

63
Q

Name the ventricles of the brain

A

2 lateral ventricles

3rd & 4th ventricles (midline)

64
Q

Which ventricle(s) open into the 3rd ventricle?

A

Lateral ventricles

65
Q

What foramen is located btwn the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen of Monro

66
Q

where does the CSF from the 4th ventricle drain to?

A

Subarachnoid space

67
Q

What does the 3rd ventricle combine with before going to the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

68
Q

Name the Extraocular Muscles (7)

A

levator palpebrae superioris

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus

Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

69
Q

what blood vessels are found in the eye?

A

Central retinal artery

Central retinal vein

70
Q

What are the 3 smallest bones in the body?*

A

malleus, incus, stapes

71
Q

whats the semicircular canals?

A

3 diff planes
filled with endolymph
for balance

72
Q

What are the 5 arteries that make the vasculature of the brain?

A 
Internal carotid
vertebral arteries
subclavian arteries
basilar artery
posterior cerebral arteries
73
Q

What does the Internal carotid artery ascend from?

A

the common carotid artery

74
Q

What does Internal carotid artery branch into?

A

Anterior & middle cerebral arteries

75
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries begin?

A

The neck

…

76
Q

what does the vertebral arteries come off of?

A

from the first part of the subclavian arteries

77
Q

the vertebral arteries unite to form what?

A

The Basilar artery

78
Q

what does the basilar artery divide into?

A

it becomes 2 posterior cerebral arteries

79
Q

What is the anastomosis between the 2 carotids and 2 vertebral arteries?

A

The circle of willis.

80
Q

What are the valveless veins that drain into the dural venous sinuses?

A

The cerebral veins

81
Q

what is the formation created by the union of the 2 internal cerebral veins?

A

The great cerebral vein of galen

82
Q

what is the the muscle that surrounds the mouth?

A

Orbicularis oris

83
Q

which muscle keeps the cheeks taught and used in smiling?

A

Buccinator

84
Q

Which muscles close the eyelids?

A

Orbicularis oculi

85
Q

which muscle aid in the flow of tears?

A

Orbicularis oculi

86
Q

What nerve does sensory innervation derive from in the face?

A

trigeminal nerve (cn V)

87
Q

What nerve does motor innervation derive from in the face?

A

Facial nerve (cn VII)

88
Q

what nerve is the motor nerve for muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal nerve (cn v)

89
Q

what are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerve

90
Q

This is the largest of the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid gland

91
Q

Where does the parotid gland enter in the mouth?

A

opposite the 2nd maxillary molar

92
Q

What geomentrical shape do the orbits of the eye form?

A

Pyramidal cavities

93
Q

what is the propose of the pyramidal cavities in the facial skeleton?

A

they contain and protect the eyeballs

94
Q

what protects the eye and keeps it moist?

A

eyelid

95
Q

what are the eyelids covered with internally by?

A

Conjunctiva (palpebral & bulbar)

96
Q

what strenthens the eyelids?

A

Dense bands of connective tissue,

97
Q

What do lacrimal glands do?

A

Secrete tears

98
Q

what do lacrimal ducts do?

A

bring fluid to the eye

99
Q

What brings tears from the eye to the nasal cavity?

A

nasolacrimal duct

100
Q

Where are the lacrimal glands located?

A

superolateral of each orbit

101
Q

Lacrimal glands are stimulated by what kind of nerves?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

102
Q

How many layers does a eyeball have?

A

Three

103
Q

Name the layers of the eye

A

Fibrous layer, vascular layer, and the inner layer

104
Q

what are the componates of the fibrous layer? (2)

A

sclera and cornea

105
Q

what composes of the vascular layer of the eye? (3)

A

choroid, ciliary body and iris

106
Q

what composes the inner layer of the eye?

A

retina

107
Q

Which part of the eye are opaque and which is transparent?

A

sclera and cornea respectively

108
Q

what is the space called that is between the iris and the lens?

A

Posterior chamber

109
Q

what is the space called that is between the iris and the cornea?

A

Anterior chamber

110
Q

what section has the pupil in its center?

A

Iris

111
Q

which has visual and nonvisual parts?

A

retina

112
Q

what is the entrance called where the optic nerve enters the retina?

A

optic disc

113
Q

what is the facial joint that is a modified hinge-type joint?

A

Temperomandibular joint

114
Q

this involves the head of the mandible and mandiblar fossa

A

temperomandibular joint

115
Q

What makes up the oral region? (6)

A

oral cavity, teeth, gingivae, tongue, palate and palatine tonsils

116
Q

what makes up the oral cavity?

A

the roof of the hard and soft palate, communicates posteriorly w/ the oropharynx

117
Q

what makes up the oral vestibule?

A

Space between the lips & cheeks, and teeth & gingivae.

118
Q

what kind of border do the lips have?

A

philtrum and vermillion border

119
Q

what make up the teeth?

How many teeth do you have?

A

hard structures set in dental alveoli.

20 deciduous teeth, 32 permanent teeth

120
Q

What are the sections that make up a tooth?

what are teeth covered by?

A

Crown, neck, root.

121
Q

what assists with mastication, taste, swallowing,

A

the tongue

122
Q

what are the sections of the tongue?

A 
root, 
body, 
apex, 
midline groove - separates tongue into 2 halves
frenulum of the tongue ventrally
123
Q

what is the functions of the nose? (5)

A 
Smell, 
breathing, 
dust filtrations, 
humidifications of the air,
reception of secretions
124
Q

what makes up the external nose?

A

nasal bones & cartilage, nasal spine, and nasal septum

125
Q

what makes up the nasal cavities?

A

open posteriorly through choanae into nasopharynx, and conchae divide the cavity into 4 passages

126
Q

What makes up the parts of the ear? (3)

A

external, middle and internal ear

127
Q

what are the parts of the external ear? (3)

A

Auricle
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membranes

128
Q

what are the parts of the middle ear?

A

auditory ossicles, stapedius & tensor tympani muscles.

129
Q

what makes up the auditory ossicles?

A

malleus, incus and stapes

130
Q

what are the parts of the internal ear?

A

vestibulocochlear organ with labyrinth containing endolymph

131
Q

whats the little artery connects that connects the two anterior carotid artery?

A

anterior communicating artery

132
Q

whats the name of the common aneuysm that occurs in the circle of willis?

A

burri aneuysm

133
Q

what has pools of blood that the cerebral veins drain into?

A

venous sinuses

134
Q

what prevents food from ballooning out when chewing?

A

buccinator

135
Q

what are the 2 nerves of the middle ear?

A

chorda tympani nerve and tympanic plexus of nerves

136
Q

what transmits the nerves and vessels to and from teeth?

A

the root canal

137
Q

movement of what can cause nausea dizziness and vomiting?

A

endolymph

138
Q

what is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

pain that affects one of the 3 trigeminal nerve

139
Q

what is bells palsy?

A

mostly one sided paralysis
commonly caused by lyme disease
affects the facial nerve

140
Q

Tx of bells palsy?

A

make weird faces to workout muscles
cant blink - need to lubricate eye
tape eyelid shut at night
most of it resolves or weakness remains on that side

141
Q

where is the lacrimal punctum located?

A

at medial end of the eyelids

142
Q

where is the blind spot of the retina?

A

where the optic nerve enters the eye

143
Q

what fluid is found in the anterior chambers of the eye?

A

aqueous fluid

144
Q

what must you do before and after you reduce a dislocation?

A

xray to check if it is fractured or it has been fractured from the reduction

Anatomy (10 decks)

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