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Anatomy > Abdomen 1 > Flashcards

Abdomen 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the abdominal cavity bounded by?

A

It is bounded by
abdominal walls,
diaphragm, &
pelvis

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2
Q

What is the abdominal cavity enclosed by?

A

It is enclosed by

1) anterolaterally- muscular abdominal walls
2) superiorly- diaphragm
3) within the thoracic cage to level of 4th intercostal space continuous
4) inferiorly to pelvic cavity

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3
Q

What is the abdominal cavity lined by?

A

lined with peritoneum

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4
Q

What are the 9 regions to locate organs or pain sites?

A 
right & left hypochondriac
 right & left lateral (lumbar)
 right & left inguinal
 epigastric
 umbilical
 pubic (hypogastric)  4
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5
Q

What are the 4 planes of the abdominal region?

A

2 horizontal: ( 1 subcostal & 1 transtubercular)

2 vertical: ( 2 midclavicular)

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6
Q

What are the clinical regions of the abdominal region?

A

right & left upper quadrants

right & left lower quadrants

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7
Q

What are the 2 planes that are found in the clinical region?

A 
1 vertical (median) 
1 horizontal (transumbilical)
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8
Q

What is the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall divided into?

A

anterior
right & left lateral (flanks)
posterior walls

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9
Q

Is the boundary between the anterior & lateral of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall definite?

A

No the boundary between anterior & lateral is indefinite

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10
Q

What is the the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall bounded by superiorly and inferiorly?

A

It is bounded by:
superiorly- 7-10th ribs & xiphoid
inferiorly- inguinal ligaments & pelvis

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11
Q

What are the three layers of fascia of anterolateral wall and what do they cover?

A

Three layers: superficial, intermediate and deep

These layers cover external aspects of the 3 muscles

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12
Q

How many muscles does the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall have?

A

5 paired muscles: 3 flat & 2 vertical

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13
Q

Name the muscles of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall?

A 
Internal oblique
External oblique
Transverse abdominal (deep)
Rectus Abdominis
Pyramidalis Muscle
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the External oblique muscle?

A

1) It is superficial
2) fibers run inferomedially
3) inferior margin thickens because it forms the inguinal ligament

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the Internal oblique muscle?

A

1) It is an intermediate muscle

2) some fibers are parallel & some perpendicular to ext. oblique

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the Transverse abdominal muscle?

A

1) It is the innermost muscle

2) fibers run mostly horizontally

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

1) It is a long, broad strap-like muscle enclosed in rectus sheath
2) the muscle fibers run in 3 groups between tendinous intersections (level of xiphoid, umbilicus, & point halfway between)

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the Pyramidalis muscle?

A

1) it is a small, triangular shaped muscle in rectus sheath anterior to inferior part of rectus abdominis
2) It ends in linea alba which it tenses
3) it is absent in 20% of people

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19
Q

What is the rectus sheath between midclavicular lines & midline made up of and what is it called?

A

It is made up of aponeurosis

Forms: linea alba

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20
Q

Why is the linea alba of clinical significance?

A

You can make an incision here b/c the muscles aren’t in the way and it’s avascular

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21
Q

What are the functions of Anterolateral Abdominal muscles?

A
  • Form strong expandable support for anterolateral wall
  • Protect abdominal viscera
  • Compress abdominal viscera to maintain intra-abdominal pressure (elevates diaphragm during respiration, eructation (belching), yelling etc)
  • Produce force for defecation, micturition, parturition
  • Produce anterior/lateral flexion of trunk
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22
Q

What is parturition?

A

When pregnant woman are in LABOR

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23
Q

What to consider when abdominal surgical incisions made?

A

They are made depending on:

1) type of operation
2) location of organs
3) avoidance of nerves/vessels

24
Q

What is the Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abd. Wall covered with?

A

It is covered with:

1) transversalis fascia
2) extraperitoneal fat
3) parietal peritoneum

25
Q

What do some infraumbilical folds of the Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abd. Wall contain?

A

They contain remnants of vessels supplying the fetus.

26
Q

Where is the Median Umbilical Fold located and where does it cover?

A

Location: urinary bladder to umbilicus
Covers: median umbilical ligament

27
Q

What is the difference between the medial, median, and lateral umbilical folds?

A

Median Umbilical Fold: from urinary bladder to umbilicus & covers median umbilical ligament

Medial Umbilical Folds: lateral to median fold & cover medial umbilical ligaments (occluded parts of umbilical arteries)

Lateral Umbilical Folds: lateral to medial folds & cover inferior epigastric vessels SO DON”T CUT THEM!

28
Q

Where is the inguinal area located?

A

between anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle

29
Q

Why is the inguinal area clinically important? *

A

1) It is clinically important as sites for herniation
2) mostly males (86%) because of passage of spermatic cord
3) testes migrate from abdomen

30
Q

Where is the Inguinal Ligament located?

A

It is most inferior part of external oblique aponeurosis

31
Q

Where do the inguinal ligament fibers attach?

A

most fibers attach to pubic tubercle

But some form lacunar ligament, pectineal ligament (of Cooper) & reflected inguinal ligament.

32
Q

What is the inguinal canal related to?

A

it is related to descent of testes or ovaries

33
Q

How long is the inguinal canal?

A

4 cm long

34
Q

Where is the inguinal canal located and what is occupied by?

A

parallel & superior to inguinal ligament, has openings at each end

occupied by spermatic cord or round ligament of uterus

35
Q

Describe the deep (Internal) Ring.

A

Lateral, enter canal from lateral

It is an evagination of transversalis fascia & is lateral to inferior epigastric vessels

36
Q

Describe the Superficial (External) Ring.

A

slit-like ring between fibers of external oblique aponeurosis

37
Q

What is the inguinal canal made up of (4) parts?

A

Anterior wall
Posterior wall
Roof
Floor

38
Q

How is the Anterior wall of inguinal canal formed and reinforced?

A

formed by ext. oblique aponeurosis

reinforced by fibers of internal oblique

39
Q

How is the posterior wall of inguinal canal formed and reinforced?

A

formed by transversalis fascia

reinforced by merger of int. oblique & transverse abdominis fibers (conjoint tendon)

40
Q

How is the roof of inguinal canal formed?

A

formed by transversalis fascia & arches of abdominal wall muscles

41
Q

Where does the spermatic cord begin and end?

A

begins at deep inguinal ring, exits at superficial ring

ends in scrotum at posterior border of testes

42
Q

What is the the spermatic cord covered in and what does the covering contain?

A

covered in fascia including cremasteric fascia which contains cremaster & dartos muscles

43
Q

List all the contents of the spermatic cord.

A 
ductus deferens,
testicular artery, 
cremasteric artery, 
pampiniform venous plexus,
sympathetic nerve fibers, 
genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, 
lymphatic vessels
44
Q

What is a scrotum?

A

It cutaneous sac with 2 layers (pigmented skin & dartos fascia)

45
Q

What is the role of the fascia in the scrotum?

A

the fascia elevates the scrotum preventing heat loss in cold weather

46
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

they are suspended in scrotum by spermatic cord

47
Q

What do testes produce?

A

produce sperm & hormones (principally testosterone)

48
Q

Where does sperm production occur?

A

sperm forms in seminiferous tubules that are joined by straight tubules to the rete testis

49
Q

Where are the tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis located?

A

outer surface is tunica albuginea

tunica vaginalis is a closed peritoneal sac surrounding testes

50
Q

Where are the Testicular Arteries located and run?

A

arise from aorta just distal to renal arteries & run retroperitoneally and crossing over ureters

51
Q

What do the Testicular Arteries cross and what do they become?

A

cross the inguinal canal

become part of spermatic cord

52
Q

What is an Epididymus?

A

it is an elongated structure on posterior surface of testis

53
Q

What structure transports sperm and where does sperm mature?

A

efferent ductules transport sperm from rete testis to epididymus where they mature

54
Q

Describe a sperm cell.

A

It has a head, body & tail

55
Q

whats the most common incision for C-sections?

A

low transverse incision

56
Q

name the umbilical folds

A

median umbilical
medial
lateral

57
Q

In women what is similar to the spermatic cord?

A

round ligament

Anatomy (10 decks)

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